Bandwidth Efficient Root Nyquist Pulses for Optical Intensity Channels

Indoor diffuse optical intensity channels are bandwidth constrained due to the multiple reflected paths between the transmitter and the receiver which cause considerable inter-symbol interference (ISI). The transmitted signal amplitude is inherently non-negative, being a light intensity signal. All optical intensity root Nyquist pulses are time-limited to a single symbol interval which eliminates the possibility of finding bandlimited root Nyquist pulses. However, potential exists to design bandwidth efficient pulses. This paper investigates the modified hermite polynomial functions and prolate spheroidal wave functions as candidate waveforms for designing spectrally efficient optical pulses. These functions yield orthogonal pulses which have constant pulse duration irrespective of the order of the function, making them ideal for designing an ISI free pulse. Simulation results comparing the two pulses and challenges pertaining to their design and implementation are discussed

Novel compact model for the radiation pattern of UWB antennas using vector spherical and Slepian decomposition

A new compact model is described for the 3D radiation pattern of an ultrawideband antenna, using a vector spherical and Slepian decomposition. Vector spherical modes are known to provide a good basis for the angular dependency of the radiation pattern. This paper is the first to extend such a model to also incorporate the frequency dependency of a radiation pattern. This is achieved by using a Slepian mode expansion. It is shown that this model requires considerably less coefficients than traditional sampling to accurately describe a frequency-dependent 3D radiation pattern. Also, generating the Slepian modes is computationally more efficient than comparable techniques, such as the singularity expansion method ( SEM). The coefficients can then directly be used to efficiently calculate performance measures such as the antenna Fidelity Factor for all angles (phi, theta) without reconstructing the radiation pattern, or to reduce the noise contribution

Projeto de um filtro analógico gerador de pulsos prolato esferoidais para uso em sistemas ultra wideband

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, 2013.Este trabalho apresenta o projeto de um gerador de pulsos Prolato Esferoidais para uso em sistemas UWB (Ultra Wideband). Uma banda larga, maior do que 500 MHz, associada ao baixo consumo de potência e a transmissão de dados baseada em pulsos, fazem do UWB um sistema de comunicação atraente par uso em aplicações que necessitem de altas taxas de transferência de dados, baixo consumo e circuitos simples, como Rede de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) e aplicações na área biomédica, por exemplo. Dentre os vários tipos de pulsos que podem ser implementados para uso em UWB, este trabalho propõe a utilização do Pulso Prolato Esferoidal, ou da sua sigla em inglês, PSWF (Prolate Spheroidal Wave Funciton). Pulsos PSWF não possuem uma forma fechada, sendo então utilizados a partir de uma aproximação discreta. Partindo dessa aproximação, serão realizadas aproximações numéricas no domínio do tempo e de Laplace para obtenção de uma função de transferência a ser implementada através de uma representação ótima no Espaço de Estados. Esta representação será então implementada em circuito por meio de um filtro Gm-C. Utilizando essa aproximação, realizam-se outras aproximações no domínio do tempo que permite obter uma função no domínio do tempo que representa esse tipo de pulso. Essa função é então manipulada no domínio de Laplace e, aplicandose o método de Padé, usada para se obter uma função de transferência. Representa-se essa função de transferência por meio da representação ortonormal no Espaço de Estados, o qual possui um comportamento próximo do ótimo em termos de faixa dinâmica e esparsidade, além de possuir baixa sensibilidade a variação de valores, em relação às representações convencionais, como as formas canônicas. Utilizando-se células de transcondutância também desenvolvidas nesse trabalho, a representação ortonormal é implementada por meio de um filtro Gm-C. Este filtro é usado em uma proposta de comunicação m-ária, que combina PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) com OPM (Orthogonal Pulse Modulation), para uso em sistemas UWB. Idealmente, deseja-se obter um gerador de pulsos que gere pulsos PSWF de primeira e segunda ordens para aplicações na faixa sub-giga , de 500 MHz a 1 GHz. Os pulsos utilizados terão duração de 10 ns. Porém, devido à limitações da tecnologia, o circuito final do filtro apresentou uma resposta em frquência inferior à especificada inicialmente (com duração de 5 μs e banda de 1 MHz - 2 MHz). No entanto, o filtro obtido foi capaz de gerar pulsos Prolato Esferoidais de primeira e segunda ordens, o que representa uma resposta funcional de todo o sistema,validando assim a metodologia proposta. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis paper presents the design of a pulse generator prolate spheroidal systems for use in UWB (Ultra Wideband). A large bandwidth, greater than 500 MHz, combined with low power consumption and pulse based data transmission, make UWB communication system attractive for use on applications requiring high data transfer rates, low power consumption and simple circuits as in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and biomedical applications, for example. Among the various types of pulses that can be implemented for use in UWB, this paper proposes the use Prolate Spheroidal Pulse (PSWF). PSWF pulses do not have a closed form, and are then used as a discrete approximation. Based on this approach, numerical approximations are performed in the time domain and Laplace to obtain a transfer function to be implemented through an optimal representation in State Space. This representation will then be implemented on the circuit by means of a Gm-C filter. Using this approximation, other approximations are realized in the time domain which achieves a function in the time domain representing this type of pulse. This function is then manipulated in the Laplace domain, and applying the method of Padé, used to obtain a transfer function. This transfer function is then represented through the orthonormal State Space representation, which has a near optimal behavior in terms of dynamic range and sparsity, besides having low sensitivity to changes in values, compared to conventional representations, as the canonical forms. Using transconductance cells also developed in this work, the orthonormal representation is implemented by means of a Gm-C filter. This filter is used in a proposed m-ary communication, combining PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) with OPM (Orthogonal Pulse Modulation), for use in UWB systems. Ideally, it is desired to obtain a pulse generator that generates pulses PSWF first and second orders to applications in sub-giga, from 500 MHz to 1 GHz with pulses that have duration of 10 ns. However, due to limitations of the technology, the frequency response of the circuit of the filter is less than specified initially (lasting 5 mS and banda 1 MHz - 2 MHz). However, the obtained filter was able to generate PSWF pulses of first and second order, which represents a functional response of the whole system, thus validating the proposed method

IA-OPD : an optimized orthogonal pulse design scheme for waveform division multiple access UWB systems

A new design scheme of orthogonal pulses is proposed for waveform division multiple access ultra-wideband (WDMA-UWB) systems. In order to achieve WDMA and to improve user capacity, the proposed method, termed as interference alignment based orthogonal pulse design (IA-OPD), employs combined orthogonal wavelet functions in the pulse design. The combination coefficients are optimized by using interference alignment. Due to the reciprocity between transmitted and local template signals, the iterative process based on maximum signal to interference plus noise ratio (Max-SINR) criterion can be used to solve the optimization problem in interference alignment. Numerical results demonstrate that the optimized orthogonal pulses provide excellent performances in terms of multiple access interference (MAI) suppression, user capacity and near-far resistance without using any multiuser detection (MUD) techniques. Thus, the IA-OPD scheme can be used to efficiently design a large number of orthogonal pulses for multiuser WDMA-UWB systems with low computational complexity and simple transceiver structure

Ultra-wideband systems exploiting orthonormal waveforms

textElectrical and Computer Engineerin

Differentially-encoded di-symbol time-division multiuser impulse radio in UWB channel

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Advances in Integrated Circuit Design and Implementation for New Generation of Wireless Transceivers

User’s everyday outgrowing demand for high-data and high performance mobile devices pushes industry and researchers into more sophisticated systems to fulfill those expectations. Besides new modulation techniques and new system designs, significant improvement is required in the transceiver building blocks to handle higher data rates with reasonable power efficiency. In this research the challenges and solution to improve the performance of wireless communication transceivers is addressed. The building block that determines the efficiency and battery life of the entire mobile handset is the power amplifier. Modulations with large peak to average power ratio severely degrade efficiency in the conventional fixed-biased power amplifiers (PAs). To address this challenge, a novel PA is proposed with an adaptive load for the PA to improve efficiency. A nonlinearity cancellation technique is also proposed to improve linearity of the PA to satisfy the EVM and ACLR specifications. Ultra wide-band (UWB) systems are attractive due to their ability for high data rate, and low power consumption. In spite of the limitation assigned by the FCC, the coexistence of UWB and NB systems are still an unsolved challenge. One of the systems that is majorly affected by the UWB signal, is the 802.11a system (5 GHz Wi-Fi). A new analog solution is proposed to minimize the interference level caused by the impulse Radio UWB transmitter to nearby narrowband receivers. An efficient 400 Mpulse/s IR-UWB transmitter is implemented that generates an analog UWB pulse with in-band notch that covers the majority of the UWB spectrum. The challenge in receiver (RX) design is the over increasing out of blockers in applications such as cognitive and software defined radios, which are required to tolerate stronger out-of-band (OB) blockers. A novel RX is proposed with a shunt N-path high-Q filter at the LNA input to attenuate OB-blockers. To further improve the linearity, a novel baseband blocker filtering techniques is proposed. A new TIA has been designed to maintain the good linearity performance for blockers at large frequency offsets. As a result, a +22 dBm IIP3 with 3.5 dB NF is achieved. Another challenge in the RX design is the tough NF and linearity requirements for high performance systems such as carrier aggregation. To improve the NF, an extra gain stage is added after the LNA. An N-path high-Q band-pass filter is employed at the LNA output together with baseband blocker filtering technique to attenuate out-of-band blockers and improve the linearity. A noise-cancellation technique based on the frequency translation has been employed to improve the NF. As a result, a 1.8dB NF with +5 dBm IIP3 is achieved. In addition, a new approach has been proposed to reject out of band blockers in carrier aggregation scenarios. The proposed solution also provides carrier to carrier isolation compared to typical solution for carrier aggregation

Contribution à la conception d'un système de radio impulsionnelle ultra large bande intelligent

Faced with an ever increasing demand of high data-rates and improved adaptability among existing systems, which inturn is resulting in spectrum scarcity, the development of new radio solutions becomes mandatory in order to answer the requirements of these emergent applications. Among the recent innovations in the field of wireless communications,ultra wideband (UWB) has generated significant interest. Impulse based UWB (IR-UWB) is one attractive way of realizing UWB systems, which is characterized by the transmission of sub nanoseconds UWB pulses, occupying a band width up to 7.5 GHz with extremely low power density. This large band width results in several captivating features such as low-complexity low-cost transceiver, ability to overlay existing narrowband systems, ample multipath diversity, and precise ranging at centimeter level due to extremely fine temporal resolution.In this PhD dissertation, we investigate some of the key elements in the realization of an intelligent time-hopping based IR-UWB system. Due to striking resemblance of IR-UWB inherent features with cognitive radio (CR) requirements, acognitive UWB based system is first studied. A CR in its simplest form can be described as a radio, which is aware ofits surroundings and adapts intelligently. As sensing the environment for the availability of resources and then consequently adapting radio’s internal parameters to exploit them opportunistically constitute the major blocks of any CR, we first focus on robust spectrum sensing algorithms and the design of adaptive UWB waveforms for realizing a cognitive UWB radio. The spectrum sensing module needs to function with minimum a-priori knowledge available about the operating characteristics and detect the primary users as quickly as possible. Keeping this in mind, we develop several spectrum sensing algorithms invoking recent results on the random matrix theory, which can provide efficient performance with a few number of samples. Next, we design the UWB waveform using a linear combination of Bsp lines with weight coefficients being optimized by genetic algorithms. This results in a UWB waveform that is spectrally efficient and at the same time adaptable to incorporate the cognitive radio requirements. In the 2nd part of this thesis, some research challenges related to signal processing in UWB systems, namely synchronization and dense multipath channel estimation are addressed. Several low-complexity non-data-aided (NDA) synchronization algorithms are proposed for BPSK and PSM modulations, exploiting either the orthogonality of UWB waveforms or theinherent cyclostationarity of IR-UWB signaling. Finally, we look into the channel estimation problem in UWB, whichis very demanding due to particular nature of UWB channels and at the same time very critical for the coherent Rake receivers. A method based on a joint maximum-likelihood (ML) and orthogonal subspace (OS) approaches is proposed which exhibits improved performance than both of these methods individually.Face à une demande sans cesse croissante de haut débit et d’adaptabilité des systèmes existants, qui à son tour se traduit par l’encombrement du spectre, le développement de nouvelles solutions dans le domaine des communications sans fil devient nécessaire afin de répondre aux exigences des applications émergentes. Parmi les innovations récentes dans ce domaine, l’ultra large bande (UWB) a suscité un vif intérêt. La radio impulsionnelle UWB (IR-UWB), qui est une solution intéressante pour réaliser des systèmes UWB, est caractérisée par la transmission des impulsions de très courte durée, occupant une largeur de bande allant jusqu’à 7,5 GHz, avec une densité spectrale de puissance extrêmement faible. Cette largeur de bande importante permet de réaliser plusieurs fonctionnalités intéressantes, telles que l’implémentation à faible complexité et à coût réduit, la possibilité de se superposer aux systèmes à bande étroite, la diversité spatiale et la localisation très précise de l’ordre centimétrique, en raison de la résolution temporelle très fine.Dans cette thèse, nous examinons certains éléments clés dans la réalisation d'un système IR-UWB intelligent. Nous avons tout d’abord proposé le concept de radio UWB cognitive à partir des similarités existantes entre l'IR-UWB et la radio cognitive. Dans sa définition la plus simple, un tel système est conscient de son environnement et s'y adapte intelligemment. Ainsi, nous avons tout d’abord focalisé notre recherché sur l’analyse de la disponibilité des ressources spectrales (spectrum sensing) et la conception d’une forme d’onde UWB adaptative, considérées comme deux étapes importantes dans la réalisation d'une radio cognitive UWB. Les algorithmes de spectrum sensing devraient fonctionner avec un minimum de connaissances a priori et détecter rapidement les utilisateurs primaires. Nous avons donc développé de tels algorithmes utilisant des résultats récents sur la théorie des matrices aléatoires, qui sont capables de fournir de bonnes performances, avec un petit nombre d'échantillons. Ensuite, nous avons proposé une méthode de conception de la forme d'onde UWB, vue comme une superposition de fonctions B-splines, dont les coefficients de pondération sont optimisés par des algorithmes génétiques. Il en résulte une forme d'onde UWB qui est spectralement efficace et peut s’adapter pour intégrer les contraintes liées à la radio cognitive. Dans la 2ème partie de cette thèse, nous nous sommes attaqués à deux autres problématiques importantes pour le fonctionnement des systèmes UWB, à savoir la synchronisation et l’estimation du canal UWB, qui est très dense en trajets multiples. Ainsi, nous avons proposé plusieurs algorithmes de synchronisation, de faible complexité et sans séquence d’apprentissage, pour les modulations BPSK et PSM, en exploitant l'orthogonalité des formes d'onde UWB ou la cyclostationnarité inhérente à la signalisation IR-UWB. Enfin, nous avons travaillé sur l'estimation du canal UWB, qui est un élément critique pour les récepteurs Rake cohérents. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une méthode d’estimation du canal basée sur une combinaison de deux approches complémentaires, le maximum de vraisemblance et la décomposition en sous-espaces orthogonaux,d’améliorer globalement les performances

Information Theoretic Limits for Wireless Information Transfer Between Finite Spatial Regions

Since the first multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) experiments performed at Bell Laboratories in the late 1990’s, it was clear that wireless communication systems can achieve improved performances using multiple antennas simultaneously during transmission and reception. Theoretically, the capacity of MIMO systems scales linearly with the number of antennas in favorable propagation conditions. However, the capacity is significantly reduced when the antennas are collocated. A generalized paradigm for MIMO systems, spatially distributed MIMO systems, is proposed as a solution. Spatially distributed MIMO systems transmit information from a spatial region to another with each region occupying a large number of antennas. Hence, for a given constraint on the size of the spatial regions, evaluating the information theoretic performance limits for information transfer between regions has been a central topic of research in wireless communications. This thesis addresses this problem from a theoretical point of view. Our approach is to utilize the modal decomposition of the classical wave equation to represent the spatially distributed MIMO systems. This modal analysis is particularly useful as it advocates a shift of the “large wireless networks” research agenda from seeking “universal” performance limits to seeking a multi-parameter family of performance limits, where the key parameters, space, time and frequency are interrelated. However, traditional performance bounds on spatially distributed MIMO systems fail to depict the interrelation among space, time and frequency. Several outcomes resulting from this thesis are: i) estimation of an upper bound to degrees of freedom of broadband signals observed over finite spatial and temporal windows, ii) derivation of the amount of information that can be captured by a finite spatial region over a finite bandwidth, iii) a new framework to illustrate the relationship between Shannon’s capacity and the spatial channels, iv) a tractable model to determine the information capacity between spatial regions for narrowband transmissions. Hence, our proposed approach provides a generalized theoretical framework to characterize realistic MIMO and spatially distributed MIMO systems at different frequency bands in both narrowband and broadband conditions