Tele-autonomous control involving contacts: The applications of a high precision laser line range sensor

The object localization algorithm based on line-segment matching is presented. The method is very simple and computationally fast. In most cases, closed-form formulas are used to derive the solution. The method is also quite flexible, because only few surfaces (one or two) need to be accessed (sensed) to gather necessary range data. For example, if the line-segments are extracted from boundaries of a planar surface, only parameters of one surface and two of its boundaries need to be extracted, as compared with traditional point-surface matching or line-surface matching algorithms which need to access at least three surfaces in order to locate a planar object. Therefore, this method is especially suitable for applications when an object is surrounded by many other work pieces and most of the object is very difficult, is not impossible, to be measured; or when not all parts of the object can be reached. The theoretical ground on how to use line range sensor to located an object was laid. Much work has to be done in order to be really useful

Planificación automática y supervisión de operaciones de montaje mediante robots

One of the main topics to be solved in order to fully automate a robotized assembly task is the automatic determination of the movements to be done by the robot to properly perform the tasks when the existing uncertainty is not negligible. This problem is of particular theoretical and practical interest when rotational degrees of freedom and friction forces are taken into account. In this thesis, an automatic movement planner that considers these aspects is proposed, including the description of how to execute the plan and supervise the evolution of the task. In order to generate the plan, the task is represented by a finite number of states, which are associated to the nodes of a graph with the links connecting contiguous states. Then, using uncertainty models developed in the thesis, the domains of the possible configurations and reaction forces that can be measured by the corresponding sensors in each task state are determined. From the existing initial conditions of the task and the desired final conditions, an initial and a goal state are determined, and, using the state graph, a sequence of contiguous states joining them is searched. At the same time, state transition operators (movement directions of the robot) that may allow the transition from one state to the next in the sequence are also determined.The execution of the task according to the plan basically consist in the estimation of the current state by matching the sensorial information obtained on-line with the domains of configuration and force of each state, and then, the application of the proper state transition operator to proceed in the state sequence towards the goal state.The main contributions of the thesis are the following: on one side, as a general contribution, the proposed planning procedure that allows the simultaneous consideration of friction forces, rotational degrees of freedom, and the different uncertainty sources that affect a robotized task; on the other side, as more specific contributions, the proposal of task states as the occurrence of a set of basic contacts, and, for movements on a plane, the fusion of the uncertainty models and the determination of the reaction forces possible in any contact situation by using the dual representation of the force lines. The thesis includes the application of the developed concepts to a simple assembly task (the block in the corner problem) considering movements on a plane. Although the implementation is not a general application prototype, it contributes to the validation of the theoretical results of the work.Uno de los principales problemas a resolver en la automatización total de una tarea de montaje robotizada, es la determinación automática de los movimientos que debe realizar el robot para llevar a cabo la tarea cuando la incertidumbre que le afecta es significativa. Este problema es de especial interés teórico y práctico cuando se consideran grados de libertad de rotación y fuerzas de fricción. En la tesis se propone un planificador automático de movimientos que tiene en cuenta estos aspectos. Se describe también cómo llevar a cabo la ejecución del plan y supervisar la evolución de la tarea.Para llevar a cabo la planificación, la tarea se representa mediante un conjunto finito de estados. Considerando la incertidumbre mediante modelos desarrollados en la tesis, se determinan los dominios de observación de configuraciones y de fuerzas de reacción que pueden ser indicadas por los sensores cuando tiene lugar cada estado de la tarea. Los estados de la tarea se representan como nodos de un grafo en el que los arcos unen los estados contiguos.A partir de las condiciones iniciales de la tarea y condiciones finales deseadas se establecen sendos estados inicial y final, y, utilizando el grafo de estados, se determina una secuencia de estados contiguos que los ligue. Paralelamente, se determinan operadores de cambio de estado (direcciones de movimiento del robot) que pueden permitir la transición de un estado a otro de la secuencia.La ejecución de la tarea acorde al plan consiste básicamente en estimar el estado en curso contrastando la información sensorial obtenida en-línea con los dominios de observación de configuración y fuerza, para aplicar entonces el operador de cambio de estado que corresponda, y así sucesivamente hasta alcanzar el estado final.Las principales aportaciones de la tesis son las siguientes. Por un lado, desde un punto de vista general, cabe destacar el procedimiento de planificación propuesto, que permite considerar simultáneamente fuerzas de fricción, grados de libertad de rotación y las incertidumbres que afectan a una tarea de montaje robotizada. Por otra parte, pueden mencionarse como aportaciones particulares, la introducción del concepto de estados de la tarea como ocurrencia de un determinado conjunto de contactos básicos y, para el caso de movimientos en un plano, el modelado y fusión de incertidumbre de una forma más precisa que las descritas en trabajos previos, así como la determinación de las fuerzas de reacción que pueden tener lugar en cualquier contacto mediante el uso de la representación dual de sus rectas de acción. La tesis incluye la aplicación de los conceptos teóricos desarrollados a una tarea de montaje (bloque en la esquina) considerando movimientos de los objetos en un plano. Aunque la implementación no pretende ser un prototipo de aplicación general, contribuye a la validación de los resultados del trabajo

Achieving reliability using behavioural modules in a robotic assembly system

The research in this thesis looks at improving the reliability of robotic as¬ sembly while still retaining the flexibility to change the system to cope with dif¬ ferent assemblies. The lack of a truly flexible robotic assembly system presents a problem which current systems have yet to overcome. An experimental sys¬ tem has been designed and implemented to demonstrate the ideas presented in this work. Runs of this system have also been performed to test and assess the scheme which has been developed.The Behaviour-based SOMASS system looks at decomposing the task into modular units, called Behavioural Modules, which reliably perform the as¬ sembly task by using variation reducing strategies. The thesis work looks at expanding this framework to produce a system which relaxes the constraints of complete reliability within a Behavioural Module by embedding these in a re¬ liable system architecture. This means that Behavioural Modules do not have to guarantee to successfully perform their given task but instead can perform it adequately, with occasional failures dealt with by the appropriate introduction of alternative actionsTo do this, the concepts of Exit States, the Ideal Execution Path, and Alter¬ native Execution Paths have been described. The Exit State of a Behavioural Module gives an indication of the control path which has actually been taken during its execution. This information, along with appropriate information available to the execution system (such as sensor and planner data), allows the Ideal Execution Path and Alternative Execution Paths to be defined. These show, respectively, the best control path through the system (as determined by the system designer) and alternative control routes which can be taken when necessary

Design and motion constraints of part-mating planning in the presence of uncertainties

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/8364/5/bad5569.0001.001.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/8364/4/bad5569.0001.001.tx