295 research outputs found

    Graph classes and forbidden patterns on three vertices

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    This paper deals with graph classes characterization and recognition. A popular way to characterize a graph class is to list a minimal set of forbidden induced subgraphs. Unfortunately this strategy usually does not lead to an efficient recognition algorithm. On the other hand, many graph classes can be efficiently recognized by techniques based on some interesting orderings of the nodes, such as the ones given by traversals. We study specifically graph classes that have an ordering avoiding some ordered structures. More precisely, we consider what we call patterns on three nodes, and the recognition complexity of the associated classes. In this domain, there are two key previous works. Damashke started the study of the classes defined by forbidden patterns, a set that contains interval, chordal and bipartite graphs among others. On the algorithmic side, Hell, Mohar and Rafiey proved that any class defined by a set of forbidden patterns can be recognized in polynomial time. We improve on these two works, by characterizing systematically all the classes defined sets of forbidden patterns (on three nodes), and proving that among the 23 different classes (up to complementation) that we find, 21 can actually be recognized in linear time. Beyond this result, we consider that this type of characterization is very useful, leads to a rich structure of classes, and generates a lot of open questions worth investigating.Comment: Third version version. 38 page

    Computability in constructive type theory

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    We give a formalised and machine-checked account of computability theory in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC), the constructive type theory underlying the Coq proof assistant. We first develop synthetic computability theory, pioneered by Richman, Bridges, and Bauer, where one treats all functions as computable, eliminating the need for a model of computation. We assume a novel parametric axiom for synthetic computability and give proofs of results like Rice’s theorem, the Myhill isomorphism theorem, and the existence of Post’s simple and hypersimple predicates relying on no other axioms such as Markov’s principle or choice axioms. As a second step, we introduce models of computation. We give a concise overview of definitions of various standard models and contribute machine-checked simulation proofs, posing a non-trivial engineering effort. We identify a notion of synthetic undecidability relative to a fixed halting problem, allowing axiom-free machine-checked proofs of undecidability. We contribute such undecidability proofs for the historical foundational problems of computability theory which require the identification of invariants left out in the literature and now form the basis of the Coq Library of Undecidability Proofs. We then identify the weak call-by-value λ-calculus L as sweet spot for programming in a model of computation. We introduce a certifying extraction framework and analyse an axiom stating that every function of type ℕ → ℕ is L-computable.Wir behandeln eine formalisierte und maschinengeprĂŒfte Betrachtung von Berechenbarkeitstheorie im Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC), der konstruktiven Typtheorie die dem Beweisassistenten Coq zugrunde liegt. Wir entwickeln erst synthetische Berechenbarkeitstheorie, vorbereitet durch die Arbeit von Richman, Bridges und Bauer, wobei alle Funktionen als berechenbar behandelt werden, ohne Notwendigkeit eines Berechnungsmodells. Wir nehmen ein neues, parametrisches Axiom fĂŒr synthetische Berechenbarkeit an und beweisen Resultate wie das Theorem von Rice, das Isomorphismus Theorem von Myhill und die Existenz von Post’s simplen und hypersimplen PrĂ€dikaten ohne Annahme von anderen Axiomen wie Markov’s Prinzip oder Auswahlaxiomen. Als zweiten Schritt fĂŒhren wir Berechnungsmodelle ein. Wir geben einen kompakten Überblick ĂŒber die Definition von verschiedenen Berechnungsmodellen und erklĂ€ren maschinengeprĂŒfte Simulationsbeweise zwischen diesen Modellen, welche einen hohen Konstruktionsaufwand beinhalten. Wir identifizieren einen Begriff von synthetischer Unentscheidbarkeit relativ zu einem fixierten Halteproblem welcher axiomenfreie maschinengeprĂŒfte Unentscheidbarkeitsbeweise erlaubt. Wir erklĂ€ren solche Beweise fĂŒr die historisch grundlegenden Probleme der Berechenbarkeitstheorie, die das Identifizieren von Invarianten die normalerweise in der Literatur ausgelassen werden benötigen und nun die Basis der Coq Library of Undecidability Proofs bilden. Wir identifizieren dann den call-by-value λ-KalkĂŒl L als sweet spot fĂŒr die Programmierung in einem Berechnungsmodell. Wir fĂŒhren ein zertifizierendes Extraktionsframework ein und analysieren ein Axiom welches postuliert dass jede Funktion vom Typ N→N L-berechenbar ist

    Simple Stochastic Games with Almost-Sure Energy-Parity Objectives are in NP and coNP

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    We study stochastic games with energy-parity objectives, which combine quantitative rewards with a qualitative ω\omega-regular condition: The maximizer aims to avoid running out of energy while simultaneously satisfying a parity condition. We show that the corresponding almost-sure problem, i.e., checking whether there exists a maximizer strategy that achieves the energy-parity objective with probability 11 when starting at a given energy level kk, is decidable and in NP∩coNPNP \cap coNP. The same holds for checking if such a kk exists and if a given kk is minimal

    Liberty, Property and Rationality : Concept of Freedom in Murray Rothbard's Anarcho-capitalism

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    Murray Rothbard (1926–1995) on yksi keskeisimmistĂ€ modernin libertarismin taustalla olevista ajattelijoista. Rothbard pitÀÀ yksilöllistĂ€ vapautta keskeisimpĂ€nĂ€ periaatteenaan, ja yhdistÀÀ filosofiassaan klassisen liberalismin perinnettĂ€ itĂ€valtalaiseen taloustieteeseen, teleologiseen luonnonoikeusajatteluun sekĂ€ individualistiseen anarkismiin. HĂ€nen tavoitteenaan on kehittÀÀ puhtaaseen jĂ€rkeen pohjautuva oikeusoppi, jonka pohjalta voidaan perustaa vapaiden markkinoiden ihanneyhteiskunta. Valtiota ei tĂ€ten Rothbardin ihanneyhteiskunnassa ole, vaan vastuu yksilöllisten luonnonoikeuksien toteutumisesta on kokonaan yksilöllĂ€ itsellÀÀn. Tutkin työssĂ€ni vapauden kĂ€sitettĂ€ Rothbardin anarko-kapitalistisessa filosofiassa. SelvitĂ€n ja analysoin Rothbardin ajattelun keskeisimpiĂ€ elementtejĂ€ niiden filosofisissa, ideologisissa, poliittisissa ja henkilöhistoriallisissa konteksteissaan. KĂ€ytĂ€n nĂ€iden elementtien arviointiin sekĂ€ historiatieteen ettĂ€ filosofian lĂ€hestymistapaa. TĂ€ssĂ€ mielessĂ€ työni edustaa sekĂ€ aate- ettĂ€ filosofian historiaa. HyödynnĂ€n tutkimuksessani Isaiah Berlinin negatiivisen ja positiivisen vapauden teoriaa (1958). Nojaudun vapauden kĂ€sitteen analysoinnissa klassisen liberalismin traditioon, jota työssĂ€ni keskeisimmin edustaa Berlinin lisĂ€ksi John Stuart Millin filosofia (1859). TĂ€hĂ€n viitekehykseen tukeutuen esitĂ€n, ettei Rothbardin vapauden teoria edusta liberalistista ajattelua, vaan on selkeĂ€sti tĂ€mĂ€n tradition ulkopuolella niin metaeettisen teoriansa, yhteiskunnallisten arvojensa kuin perimmĂ€isen vapauskĂ€sityksensĂ€kin puolesta. Vapauden kĂ€sitteellĂ€ on Rothbardin filosofiassa kaksi toisistaan erottuvaa merkitystĂ€. Rothbard viittaa vapauden termillĂ€ useimmiten praxeologisen taloustieteen logiikkaan perustuvaan, vĂ€linearvolliseen ”moraalitieteeseen” ja tĂ€mĂ€n pohjalta johdettuun vapauden objektiiviseen mÀÀritelmÀÀn luonnollisena tosiasiana. Toisaalta hĂ€n viittaa termillĂ€ myös normatiiviseen, itseisarvolliseen poliittiseen ihanteeseen. Tutkimustavoitteenani on selvittÀÀ, miten nĂ€mĂ€ kaksi merkitystĂ€ lopulta yhdistyvĂ€t Rothbardin ajattelussa toisiinsa. Teen tĂ€ten ymmĂ€rrettĂ€vĂ€ksi, mitĂ€ vapaus lopulta tarkoittaa Rothbardin filosofiassa. PrimÀÀrilĂ€hteinĂ€ni on Rothbardin kirjallinen tuotanto vuosilta 1960–1982. HĂ€nen poliittisen filosofiansa kannalta keskeisimmĂ€t teokset ovat ”Ethics of Liberty” (1982) sekĂ€ ”For a New Liberty” (1973). Tukeudun tutkimuksessani myös Rothbardista tehtyihin elĂ€mĂ€kerrallisiin selvityksiin, joita ovat kirjoittaneet Rothbardin lĂ€hipiiriin ja kannattajakuntaan kuuluneet akateemikot. Tutkimustulosteni pohjalta vĂ€itĂ€n, ettei anarko-kapitalismi ole luonnollisiin tosiasioihin ja puhtaaseen jĂ€rkeen pohjautuva eettinen systeemi, vaan pohjimmiltaan uskonnollisen moraalin pÀÀlle rakentuva vapaiden markkinoiden ideologia, jossa vapauden vĂ€linearvollinen mÀÀritelmĂ€ yhdistyy vapauden poliittiseen ihanteeseen lopulta vain sen olettamuksen kautta, ettĂ€ olemme epĂ€vapaita valtion takia

    Metaethical Minimalism: A Demarcation, Defense, and Development

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    The aim of this work is to demarcate, develop, and defend the commitments and consequences of metaethical minimalism. Very roughly, this is the position that a commitment to objective moral truths does not require any accompanying ontological commitments. While there are few, if any, who call themselves “metaethical minimalists”, I endeavor to uncover existing articulations of metaethical minimalism which have been presented under different names, attempting to identify the common ground between them. As I interpret the position, all metaethical minimalists are committed to the same positive pair of claims (what I call the Objectivity Thesis): “a) Moral truths are strongly mind-independent; b) there are moral truths.” Taken by itself, however, this pair of claims is not sufficient for differentiating their view from the moral realist’s. Consequently, the minimalist must also articulate that which they are denying about the non-minimalist approach, or what I call the “negative ontological thesis”. I offer my own version of this negative thesis and argue for its dialectical advantages. In Chapters 3 and 4, I focus my attention on attacks on the viability of metaethical minimalism in the form of two “challenges” that aim to problematize a commitment to objective moral truths absent any accompanying ontological commitment. The big-picture takeaway from these chapters is that minimalism can defend itself by playing to the dialectical advantage I find for it in Chapter 2 as well as by being creative about minimalist constructions/reworkings of plausible principles/lines of reasoning that seem to contradict it. The temptation to embrace quietism is strong among minimalists, but in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 I aim to show that there is a positive alternative available for the minimalist interested in developing a full picture of their position. Chapter 5 is aimed at providing an adequate understanding of the distinction between the objects of purely normative thoughts and objects of thoughts about reality. Building on this are Chapters 6 and 7, which argue in favor of an account of the relationship between emotion and evaluative knowledge that is consistent with metaethical minimalism
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