The Hedges Used by Ronnie Miller and Steve Miller During Summer Holiday in the Last Song Movie

This study discussed the types and functions of hedges also some changes of hedges perceived in the using of hedges related to social distance. The Last Song by Nicholas Sparks, were used as the source of data and the data of this study were 16 scenes containing conversation between Ronnie Miller and Steve Miller. The theories used were hedges and its functions by Coates (1996), the types of hedges by Salager-Meyer (1997), and hedges related to social distance by Holmes (1996). There were six types of hedges out of seven types found out by the writer in her data. After analyzing hedges based on the types and functions, the writer also analyzed the changes that can be perceived in using hedges and their functions. The data analysis showed that there were some changes in using hedges related to the functions. The changes of the function may be influenced by social distance between the two characters which is expression of doubt, followed by expression of confidence, searching for the right word and sensitivity of others' feeling

Chunks hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine

The empirical results of Saariluoma and Laine (in press) are discussed and their computer simulations are compared with CHREST, a computational model of perception, memory and learning in chess. Mathematical functions such as power functions and logarithmic functions account for Saariluoma and Laine's (in press) correlation heuristic and for CHREST very well. However, these functions fit human data well only with game positions, not with random positions. As CHREST, which learns using spatial proximity, accounts for the human data as well as Saariluoma and Laine's (in press) correlation heuristic, their conclusion that frequency-based heuristics match the data better than proximity-based heuristics is questioned. The idea of flat chunk organisation and its relation to retrieval structures is discussed. In the conclusion, emphasis is given to the need for detailed empirical data, including information about chunk structure and types of errors, for discriminating between various learning algorithms

Fitting multilevel multivariate models with missing data in responses and covariates that may include interactions and non-linear terms

The paper extends existing models for multilevel multivariate data with mixed response types to handle quite general types and patterns of missing data values in a wide range of multilevel generalized linear models. It proposes an efficient Bayesian modelling approach that allows missing values in covariates, including models where there are interactions or other functions of covariates such as polynomials. The procedure can also be used to produce multiply imputed complete data sets. A simulation study is presented as well as the analysis of a longitudinal data set. The paper also shows how existing multiprocess models for handling endogeneity can be extended by the framework proposed

Some design constraints required for the assembly of software components: The incorporation of atomic abstract types into generically structured abstract types

It is nearly axiomatic, that to take the greatest advantage of the useful features available in a development system, and to avoid the negative interactions of those features, requires the exercise of a design methodology which constrains their use. A major design support feature of the Ada language is abstraction: for data, functions processes, resources, and system elements in general. Atomic abstract types can be created in packages defining those private types and all of the overloaded operators, functions, and hidden data required for their use in an application. Generically structured abstract types can be created in generic packages defining those structured private types, as buildups from the user-defined data types which are input as parameters. A study is made of the design constraints required for software incorporating either atomic or generically structured abstract types, if the integration of software components based on them is to be subsequently performed. The impact of these techniques on the reusability of software and the creation of project-specific software support environments is also discussed

Questions Used in Primary Efl Classroom Discourse

This thesis is the study of types and functions of questions based on features of classroom discourse. In this study, the writer observed the types of questions that the English teacher used in General English classroom, and the functions of the questions based on features of classroom discourse. The data were collected through classroom observation and audio-recording of one class of the sixth grade. The theories applied are the teachers' questions by Ellis (2008) and types of questions and features of classroom discourse by Walsh (2011). The qualitative approach was used in this study. The finding revealed that the teacher used two types of questions which were display questions and referential questions in the two meetings. Each meeting took 40 until 50 minutes. In addition, the teacher used three functions of questions based on features of classroom discourse, which are control of procedure, checking understanding, and eliciting a response. The finding also revealed that display questions have the function of checking understanding while referential questions have the functions of control of procedure, checking understanding and eliciting a response. In conclusion, questions can be considered as a tool for the teacher to check the students' understanding and to elicit the students' responses during teaching and learning proces

ANALISIS TINDAK TUTUR ILOKUSI UJARAN KEBENCIAN PADA ETNIS TIONGHOA DALAM PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG REPUBLIK INDONESIA

This study describes the types and functions of hate speech against ethnic Chinese in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. The research method uses descriptive qualitative. Data collection uses the method of observing and noting. The results of the study show that there are types and functions of illocutionary speech acts in the form of assertive types as many as 5 data functions stating as many as 5 data. The directive type is 5 data, the function invites 4 data and challenges 1 data. The type of commissive as much as 2 data function threatens as much as 2 data. There are 9 types of expressive functions that insult or criticize as many as 9 data. The most common types and functions of expressive speech acts are due to the fact that in hate speech utterances place more emphasis on the psychological condition of the speaker in uttering or expressing his situation or what the speaker is feeling

An overview of the question-response system in American English conversation

This article, part of a 10 language comparative project on question–response sequences, discusses these sequences in American English conversation. The data are video-taped spontaneous naturally occurring conversations involving two to five adults. Relying on these data I document the basic distributional patterns of types of questions asked (polar, Q-word or alternative as well as sub-types), types of social actions implemented by these questions (e.g., repair initiations, requests for confirmation, offers or requests for information), and types of responses (e.g., repetitional answers or yes/no tokens). I show that declarative questions are used more commonly in conversation than would be suspected by traditional grammars of English and questions are used for a wider range of functions than grammars would suggest. Finally, this article offers distributional support for the idea that responses that are better “fitted” with the question are preferred