5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia

This research received support from the AUIP (Iberoamerican University Association for Postgraduate Studies).The authors would like to thank the following members of Ericsson and Nokia Company for their valuable technological support in relation to the deployment of 5G networks in Colombia and Latin America. To Ericsson Company: Fabian Monge, Head of Networks & Managed Services Sales LATAM North—Ericsson, Andrés Quintero Arango, Country Manager Colombia— Ericsson, Camilo Beltrán, RAN Sales Domain Manager—Ericsson, Tatiana Dimian, Technical & Solution Sales Colombia—Ericsson. To Nokia Company: Juan Gabriel Mariño Pedroza, Presales Director & Business Development Colombia—Nokia.The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries around the world are still in the pilot phase promoted and regulated by government agencies. This is the case in Colombia, where the assignment of the first 5G band is planned for the third quarter of 2021. By analyzing the results of the pilot phase and the roadmap of the Colombian Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC), we can determine the main issues, which contribute to the deployment of 5G mobile technology as well as the plans to achieve a 5G stand-alone network from 4G networks. This is applicable to other countries in Latin America and the world. Then, our objective is to synthesize and share the most important concepts of 5G mobile technology such as the MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) antenna, RAN (Radio Access Network), C-RAN (Centralised-RAN), and frequency bands, and evaluate the current stage of its introduction in Colombia.AUIP (Iberoamerican University Association for Postgraduate Studies

5G Mobile Phone Network Introduction in Colombia

The deployment of the 5G mobile network is currently booming, offering commercially available services that improve network performance metrics by minimizing network latency in countries such as the USA, China, and Korea. However, many countries around the world are still in the pilot phase promoted and regulated by government agencies. This is the case in Colombia, where the assignment of the first 5G band is planned for the third quarter of 2021. By analyzing the results of the pilot phase and the roadmap of the Colombian Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC), we can determine the main issues, which contribute to the deployment of 5G mobile technology as well as the plans to achieve a 5G stand-alone network from 4G networks. This is applicable to other countries in Latin America and the world. Then, our objective is to synthesize and share the most important concepts of 5G mobile technology such as the MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) antenna, RAN (Radio Access Network), C-RAN (Centralised-RAN), and frequency bands, and evaluate the current stage of its introduction in Colombia

Langattoman tehtävädatansiirtojärjestelmän suunnittelu lentokoneympäristöön

This thesis is about designing wireless mission data transfer system for the Finnish Air Force's Grob 115E elementary training aircraft. This thesis explains the use case of the mission data system, and how the wireless implementation for the mission data transfer would change the operation. The target was to design a system that is capable of transferring data wirelessly between the ground station and the Grob aircraft. The biggest challenge for the implementation was the vast amount of data that was needed to be transferred from the aircraft to the ground station after the flight. Also, the time window during which the transfer had to be completed was very limited. Two WLAN standards, IEEE's 802.11ac and 802.11ax were considered as potential techniques for the implementation. In this thesis the WLAN security was also examined, and two additional methods outside of WLAN standards were suggested for gaining better security for the data transmission. Wireless system utilizing the 802.11ac standard was tested and OpenSSH and OpenVPN were examined as potential techniques to strengthen the communication security. The results showed that the 802.11ac standard performs well with the communication distances of the wireless mission data transfer system. 802.11ac however has one drawback that will reduce its potential as the communication standard for the task

New Radio Small Cell Propagation Environment

The characterization of the wireless medium in indoor small cell networks is essential to obtain appropriate modelling of the propagation environment. This dissertation on ”MeasurementBased Characterization of the 5G New Radio Small Cell Propagation Environment” has been developed in an experimental environment. The underlying tasks are divided into three phases. The first phase took place in the laboratory of the Instituto de Telecomunicações – Covilhã, located in the Departamento de Engenharia Electromecânica of Universidade da Beira Interior. During this part of the research, spectrum measurements and the characterization of the S11 parameter (response in the first port for the signal incident in the first port) have been made experimentally through the printed circuit board antennas in the 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency bands operating in the 2.625 GHz and 3.590 GHz center frequency, manufactured by us. The fabrication of the antennas was preceded by the simulation in the student version CST STUDIO software. In this phase, the spectrum measurements and the characterization of Smith Chart have been made to measure gain and impedance using the Rohde & Schwarz Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) from IT laboratory. Based on mathematical calculations and considerations on the conductivity and permeability of the environment, the antennas were built for use in indoor and outdoor environments. The developed antennas are characterized by their bandwidth and their radiation characteristics. The second phase took place in the three rooms adjacent to the laboratory, in which the srsLTE emulation software was applied to the 4G indoor scenario. The experimental setup includes three elements, namely a base station (BS or 4G eNodeB), which transmits the communication signal and which served as a signal source, a user equipment (UE), and an interfering eNodeB. The size of each room is 7.32 × 7.32 square meters. While room 1 is the room of interest, where theoretical and practical measurements took place, BSs that act as wireless interfering nodes are also separately considered either in room 2 or room 3. By varying the UE positions within room 1, it was possible to verify that the highest values of the received power occur close to the central BS. However, the received power does not decrease suddenly because of the reduced gain in the radiation pattern in the back part of the antenna. In addition, it was demonstrated that there is an effect of “wall loss”proven by the path loss increase between room 1 and room 2 (or between room 2 and 3). If we consider an attenuation for each wall of circa 7-9 dB the trend of the WINNER II at 2.625 GHz model for the interference coming across different walls is verified. Future work includes to investigate the 3.5 GHz frequency band. The third phase is being carried out at the facilities of the old aerodrome of Covilhã which, using a temporary license assigned to us by Instituto de Comunicações Português (ICP-ANACOM) as the two first phases. The aim of this phase is to investigate the two-slope behaviour in the UMi scenario. Very initial LTE-Advanced tests have been performed to verify the propagation of the two ray (with a reflection in the asphalt) from BS implemented with USRP B210 and srsLTE system by considering an urban cell with a length of 80 m and an interfering base station at 320 m, at 2500 - 2510 MHz (DL - Downlink) by now, mainly due to the current availability of a directional antenna in this specific band.A investigação de sinais rádio em comunicações sem fios continua a gerar considerável interesse em todo mundo, devido ao seu amplo leque de aplicações, que inclui a troca de dados entre dois ou mais dispositivos, comunicações móveis e via Wi-Fi, infravermelho, transmissão de canais de televisão, monitorização de campos, proteção e vigilância costeira e observação ambiental para exploração. A tecnologia de ondas de rádio é o um dos vários recursos que viabilizam as comunicações de alta velocidade e encurta distâncias entre dois pontos em comunicação. Na realidade, caracterização da comunicação em redes com pequenas células é essencial para obter uma modelização apropriada de ambiente de propagação. Esta dissertação sob o tema ”Measurement-Based Characterization of the 5G New Radio Small Cells Propagation Envioronment” foi desenvolvida num ambiente experimental, cujas tarefas foram divididas em fases. A primeira fase teve lugar no laboratório do Instituto de Telecomunicações da Covilhã (IT), afeto ao Departamento de Engenharia Eletromecânica. Nela foram feitas as simulações das antenas no software CST STUDIO, versão do estudante que foram utilizadas nos equipamentos durante as medições. Seguiu-se a padronização das mesmas nas faixas dos 2.6 GHz e 3.5 GHz, nas frequências centrais de 2.625 GHz e 3.590 GHZ, usando placas de circuitos impressos. Em seguida, foram feitas as medições do espectro e a caraterização do S11 e da carta de Smith para medir a impedância de entrada e o ganho. As medições foram feitas com recurso ao Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Com base em cálculos matemáticos e considerações sobre a condutividade e permeabilidade do ambiente, as antenas foram construídas para uso em ambientes internos e externos e com ou sem interferentes. As antenas desenvolvidas são caracterizadas por sua largura de banda e suas características de radiação. A segunda fase decorreu nas três salas adjacentes ao laboratório de Telecomunicações, na qual foi montada a topologia com o sistema srsLTE associado aos USRP B210 ligados aos computadores com o sistema operativo Linux com três componentes, nomeadamente uma estação base (BS), que serviu de fonte do sinal de comunicação com um equipamento de utilizador (UE) que o recebe, e dois interferentes. Importa realçar que esta segunda fase foi dividida em duas etapas, das quais uma sem interferente para medir a potência recebida da própria estação base e outra com os interferentes mais próximo e mais afastado da sala do sinal da própria célula. O objetivo desta fase foi o de verificar o modelo de propagação do sinal de comunicação da tecnologia LTE e medir a potência recebida pelo utilizador com recurso ao Analisador de Espectro portátil FSH8 da Rohde & Schwarz capaz de medir de 10 kHz a 8 GHz, feita na frequência central de 2.625 GHz. Nas medições feitas em ambiente interior, o tamanho de cada uma das três salas é 7.32 × 7.32 metros quadrados. Embora a sala 1 seja a sala de interesse, onde ocorreram as medições teóricas e práticas, as BSs que atuam como nós interferentes também são consideradas separadamente na sala 2 ou na sala 3. Ao variar as posições de UE dentro da sala 1, foi possível verificar que os valores superiores da potência recebida ocorrem próximos à BS central. No entanto, a potência recebida não diminui repentinamente por causa do efeito do ganho reduzido no diagrama de radiação na parte traseira da antena. Além disso, foi demonstrado que existe um efeito de “atenuação da parede” comprovado pelo aumento da atenuação de trajeto entre a sala 1 e a sala 2 (ou entre a sala 2 e 3). Se considerarmos uma atenuação para cada parede de cerca de 7-9 dB, verifica-se a tendência do modelo WINNER II a 2.625 GHz para a interferência que atravessa as diversas paredes. Trabalhos futuros incluem a investigação da banda de frequência de 3.5 GHz. Já a terceira fase foi realizada nas instalações do antigo aeródromo da Covilhã, e em todas as fases servimo-nos de uma licença concedida pela Entidade Reguladora do Espectro (ICPANACOM), que permitiu realizar testes de verificação da propagação do sinal no ambiente livre na faixa de frequência dos 2.6 GHz com 2500 – 2510 MHz (UL - Uplink) e 2620 – 2630 MHz (DL - Downlink). A terceira fase ainda está a decorrer nas instalações do antigo aeródromo da Covilhã, mediante a mesma licença temporária que nos foi atribuída pelo Instituto de Comunicações de Portugal ou Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações (ICP-ANACOM) sendo esta reguladora do espectro. O objetivo é continuar a investigar o comportamento de duas inclinações no cenário UMi. Testes muito iniciais LTE-Advanced foram realizados para verificar a propagação dos dois raios (direto e refletido, com uma reflexão no asfalto) do BS implementado com o sistema USRP B210 e srsLTE, considerando uma célula urbana com um comprimento de 80 metros uma estação base interferente em 320 metros, a operar, provisoriamente, a 2500 - 2510 MHz (na ligação descendente, DL - Downlink, devido à disponibilidade de uma antena direcional específica para esta banda). Finalmente este trabalho de investigação pode ser resumidamente dividido em três categorias, nomeadamente investigação de análises teóricas e matemáticas relevantes da propagação de ondas de rádio em meios com e sem interferência significativa. Medições para verificar o comportamento do sinal de propagação da tecnologia LTE-Advanced com recursos ao analisador de espectro, simulação das antenas, fabricação e medição das características de radiação das mesmas. Assim, as antenas concebidas com bons resultados foram fabricadas nas instalações da Faculdade de Ciências no Departamento de Física da Universidade da Beira Interior, sendo de seguidas testadas e caracterizadas com o auxílio do Vector Nettwork Analyzer disponível no Laboratório de Telecomunicações do Departamento de Engenharia Eletromecânica da Universidade da Beira Interior. E, finalmente, os cálculos estatísticos que incluem o teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov com recurso ao software estatístico SPSS para validar os resultados obtidos seguida da construção dos gráficos no Matlab em 3D, conforme a superfície da sala

Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin

Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin

Device-to-Device Communication and Multihop Transmission for Future Cellular Networks

The next generation wireless networks i.e. 5G aim to provide multi-Gbps data traffic, in order to satisfy the increasing demand for high-definition video, among other high data rate services, as well as the exponential growth in mobile subscribers. To achieve this dramatic increase in data rates, current research is focused on improving the capacity of current 4G network standards, based on Long Term Evolution (LTE), before radical changes are exploited which could include acquiring additional/new spectrum. The LTE network has a reuse factor of one; hence neighbouring cells/sectors use the same spectrum, therefore making the cell edge users vulnerable to inter-cell interference. In addition, wireless transmission is commonly hindered by fading and pathloss. In this direction, this thesis focuses on improving the performance of cell edge users in LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks by initially implementing a new Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) algorithm to mitigate cell edge user interference. Subsequently Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is investigated as the enabling technology for maximising Resource Block (RB) utilisation in current 4G and emerging 5G networks. It is demonstrated that the application, as an extension to the above, of novel power control algorithms, to reduce the required D2D TX power, and multihop transmission for relaying D2D traffic, can further enhance network performance. To be able to develop the aforementioned technologies and evaluate the performance of new algorithms in emerging network scenarios, a beyond-the-state-of-the-art LTE system-level simulator (SLS) was implemented. The new simulator includes Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna functionalities, comprehensive channel models (such as Wireless World initiative New Radio II i.e. WINNER II) and adaptive modulation and coding schemes to accurately emulate the LTE and LTE-A network standards. Additionally, a novel interference modelling scheme using the ‘wrap around’ technique was proposed and implemented that maintained the topology of flat surfaced maps, allowing for use with cell planning tools while obtaining accurate and timely results in the SLS compared to the few existing platforms. For the proposed CoMP algorithm, the adaptive beamforming technique was employed to reduce interference on the cell edge UEs by applying Coordinated Scheduling (CoSH) between cooperating cells. Simulation results show up to 2-fold improvement in terms of throughput, and also shows SINR gain for the cell edge UEs in the cooperating cells. Furthermore, D2D communication underlaying the LTE network (and future generation of wireless networks) was investigated. The technology exploits the proximity of users in a network to achieve higher data rates with maximum RB utilisation (as the technology reuses the cellular RB simultaneously), while taking some load off the Evolved Node B (eNB) i.e. by direct communication between User Equipment (UE). Simulation results show that the proximity and transmission power of D2D transmission yields high performance gains for a D2D receiver, which was demonstrated to be better than that of cellular UEs with better channel conditions or in close proximity to the eNB in the network. The impact of interference from the simultaneous transmission however impedes the achievable data rates of cellular UEs in the network, especially at the cell edge. Thus, a power control algorithm was proposed to mitigate the impact of interference in the hybrid network (network consisting of both cellular and D2D UEs). It was implemented by setting a minimum SINR threshold so that the cellular UEs achieve a minimum performance, and equally a maximum SINR threshold to establish fairness for the D2D transmission as well. Simulation results show an increase in the cell edge throughput and notable improvement in the overall SINR distribution of UEs in the hybrid network. Additionally, multihop transmission for D2D UEs was investigated in the hybrid network: traditionally, the scheme is implemented to relay cellular traffic in a homogenous network. Contrary to most current studies where D2D UEs are employed to relay cellular traffic, the use of idle nodes to relay D2D traffic was implemented uniquely in this thesis. Simulation results show improvement in D2D receiver throughput with multihop transmission, which was significantly better than that of the same UEs performance with equivalent distance between the D2D pair when using single hop transmission

Digital Processing for an Analogue Subcarrier Multiplexed Mobile Fronthaul

In order to meet the demands of the fifth generation of mobile communication networks (5G), such as very high bit-rates, very low latency and massive machine connectivity, there is a need for a flexible, dynamic, scalable and versatile mobile fronthaul. Current industry fronthaul standards employing sampled radio waveforms for digital transport suffer from spectral inefficiency, making this type of transport impractical for the wide channel bandwidths and multi-antenna systems required by 5G. On the other hand, analogue transport does not suffer from these limitations. It is, however, prone to noise, non-linearity and poor dynamic range. When combined with analogue domain signal aggregation/multiplexing, it also lacks flexibility and scalability, especially at millimetre wave frequencies. Measurements (matched in simulation) of analogue transport at millimetre wave frequencies demonstrate some of these issues. High data rates are demonstrated employing wide bandwidth channels combined using traditional subcarrier multiplexing techniques. However, only a limited number of channels can be multiplexed in this manner, with poor spectral efficiency, as analogue filter limitations do not allow narrow gaps between channels. To this end, over the last few years, there has been significant investigation of analogue transport schemes combined with digital channel aggregation/ de-aggregation (combining/ separating multiple radio waveforms in the digital domain). This work explores such a technique. Digital processing is used at the transmitter to flexibly multiplex a large number of channels in a subcarrier multiplex, without the use of combiners, mixers/ up-converters or Hilbert transforms. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - derived Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) and Single Sideband (SSB) modulated channels are integrated within a single Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) operation. Channels or channel groups are mapped systematically into Nyquist zones by using, for example, a single IFFT (for a single 5G mobile numerology) or multiple IFFTs (for multiple 5G mobile numerologies). The analogue transport signal generated in this manner is digitally filtered and band-pass sampled at the receiver such that each corresponding channel (e.g. channels destined to the same radio frequency (RF)/ millimetre wave (mmW) frequency) in the multiplex is presented at the same intermediate frequency, due to the mapping employed at the transmitter. Analogue or digital domain mixers/ down-converters are not required with this technique. Furthermore, each corresponding channel can be readily up-converted to their respective RF/mmW channels with minimal per-signal processing. Measurement results, matched in simulation, for large signal multiplexes with both generic and 5G mobile numerologies show error-vector magnitude performance well within specifications, validating the proposed system. For even larger multiplexes and/or multiplexes residing on a higher IF exceeding the analogue bandwidth and sampling rate specifications of the ADCs at the receiver, the use of a bandwidth-extension device is proposed to extend the mapping to a mapping hierarchy and relax the analogue bandwidth and sampling rate requirements of the ADCs. This allows the receiver to still use digital processing, with only minimal analogue processing, to band-pass sample smaller blocks of channels from the larger multiplex, down to the same intermediate frequency. This ensures that each block of channels is within the analogue bandwidth specification of the ADCs. Performance predictions via simulation (based on a system model matched to the measurements) show promising results for very large multiplexes and large channel bandwidths. The multiplexing technique presented in this work thus allows reductions in per-channel processing for heterogeneous networking (or multi-radio access technologies) and multi-antenna configurations. It also creates a re-configurable and adaptable system based on available processing resources, irrespective of changes to the number of channels and channel groups, channel bandwidths and modulation formats