3,539 research outputs found
Chinese and North American Culture: a New Perspective in Linguistics Studies
We explored the two cultures in the two countries. There has been discussed on Chinese culture and North American culture. Chinese language, ceramics, architecture, music, dance, literature, martial arts, cuisine, visual arts, philosophy, business etiquette, religion, politics, and history have global influence, while its traditions and festivals are also celebrated, instilled, and practiced by people around the world. The culture of North America refers to the arts and other manifestations of human activities and achievements from the continent of North America. The American way of life or simply the American way is the unique lifestyle of the people of the United States of America. It refers to a nationalist ethos that adheres to the principle of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Advances in problematic usage of the internet research â A narrative review by experts from the European network for problematic usage of the internet
Global concern about problematic usage of the internet (PUI), and its public health and societal costs, continues to grow, sharpened in focus under the privations of the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review reports the expert opinions of members of the largest international network of researchers on PUI in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action (CA 16207), on the scientific progress made and the critical knowledge gaps remaining to be filled as the term of the Action reaches its conclusion. A key advance has been achieving consensus on the clinical definition of various forms of PUI. Based on the overarching public health principles of protecting individuals and the public from harm and promoting the highest attainable standard of health, the World Health Organisation has introduced several new structured diagnoses into the ICD-11, including gambling disorder, gaming disorder, compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, and other unspecified or specified disorders due to addictive behaviours, alongside naming online activity as a diagnostic specifier. These definitions provide for the first time a sound platform for developing systematic networked research into various forms of PUI at global scale. Progress has also been made in areas such as refining and simplifying some of the available assessment instruments, clarifying the underpinning brain-based and social determinants, and building more empirically based etiological models, as a basis for therapeutic intervention, alongside public engagement initiatives. However, important gaps in our knowledge remain to be tackled. Principal among these include a better understanding of the course and evolution of the PUI-related problems, across different age groups, genders and other specific vulnerable groups, reliable methods for early identification of individuals at risk (before PUI becomes disordered), efficacious preventative and therapeutic interventions and ethical health and social policy changes that adequately safeguard human digital rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for achievable research goals, based on longitudinal analysis of a large multinational cohort co-designed with public stakeholders
Advances in Problematic Usage of the Internet Research â A Narrative Review by Experts from the European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Global concern about problematic usage of the internet (PUI), and its public health and societal costs, continues to grow, sharpened in focus under the privations of the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review reports the expert opinions of members of the largest international network of researchers on PUI in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action (CA 16207), on the scientific progress made and the critical knowledge gaps remaining to be filled as the term of the Action reaches its conclusion. A key advance has been achieving consensus on the clinical definition of various forms of PUI. Based on the overarching public health principles of protecting individuals and the public from harm and promoting the highest attainable standard of health, the World Health Organisation has introduced several new structured diagnoses into the ICD-11, including gambling disorder, gaming disorder, compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, and other unspecified or specified disorders due to addictive behaviours, alongside naming online activity as a diagnostic specifier. These definitions provide for the first time a sound platform for developing systematic networked research into various forms of PUI at global scale. Progress has also been made in areas such as refining and simplifying some of the available assessment instruments, clarifying the underpinning brain-based and social determinants, and building more empirically based etiological models, as a basis for therapeutic intervention, alongside public engagement initiatives. However, important gaps in our knowledge remain to be tackled. Principal among these include a better understanding of the course and evolution of the PUI-related problems, across different age groups, genders and other specific vulnerable groups, reliable methods for early identification of individuals at risk (before PUI becomes disordered), efficacious preventative and therapeutic interventions and ethical health and social policy changes that adequately safeguard human digital rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for achievable research goals, based on longitudinal analysis of a large multinational cohort co-designed with public stakeholders.Peer reviewe
Advances in problematic usage of the internet research - A narrative review by experts from the European network for problematic usage of the internet
Global concern about problematic usage of the internet (PUI), and its public health and societal costs, continues to grow, sharpened in focus under the privations of the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review reports the expert opinions of members of the largest international network of researchers on PUI in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action (CA 16207), on the scientific progress made and the critical knowledge gaps remaining to be filled as the term of the Action reaches its conclusion. A key advance has been achieving consensus on the clinical definition of various forms of PUI. Based on the overarching public health principles of protecting individuals and the public from harm and promoting the highest attainable standard of health, the World Health Organisation has introduced several new structured diagnoses into the ICD-11, including gambling disorder, gaming disorder, compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, and other unspecified or specified disorders due to addictive behaviours, alongside naming online activity as a diagnostic specifier. These definitions provide for the first time a sound platform for developing systematic networked research into various forms of PUI at global scale. Progress has also been made in areas such as refining and simplifying some of the available assessment instruments, clarifying the underpinning brain-based and social determinants, and building more empirically based etiological models, as a basis for therapeutic intervention, alongside public engagement initiatives. However, important gaps in our knowledge remain to be tackled. Principal among these include a better understanding of the course and evolution of the PUI-related problems, across different age groups, genders and other specific vulnerable groups, reliable methods for early identification of individuals at risk (before PUI becomes disordered), efficacious preventative and therapeutic interventions and ethical health and social policy changes that adequately safeguard human digital rights. The paper concludes with recommendations for achievable research goals, based on longitudinal analysis of a large multinational cohort co-designed with public stakeholders
Assessing problematic use of social media: where do we stand and what can be improved?
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, to view a copy of the license, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/The increased popularity of social media has brought clinicians and researchers to question the potential problematic outcomes of such Internet-based applications. Over the past two decades, an increasing number of studies identified the so-called problematic use of social media (PUSM), which led to the development of various assessment tools requiring constant revisions because of the ever-evolving nature of the Internet. This review summarizes the most frequently used measurement tools in PUSM research while suggesting best practices and directions for future research based on the most recent evidence in the field.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio
Exploring Addictive Online Behaviors in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1
Background: Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological sleep disorder caused by the loss of neurons that produce hypocretinâa peptide that plays a crucial role in addictive behaviors. We aimed to compare, for the first time, levels of problematic online gaming, problematic social media use, and compulsive Internet use between NT1 patients and healthy controls (HC), and to evaluate the association between anxiety, depression, and emotion dysregulation with addictive online behaviors in NT1 patients. Methods: A total of 43 patients with NT1 and 86 sex-and age-matched HC participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Results: NT1 patients did not differ from HC in terms of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use but displayed higher levels of problematic online gaming compared to HC. Higher levels of emotion dysregulation were significantly associated with higher levels of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use, while none of the tested factors were associated with problematic online gaming. Conclusion: NT1 patients and HC had similar levels of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use, but NT1 patients showed higher levels of problematic online gaming. Emotion dysregulation might be an intervention target for reducing compulsive Internet use and problematic social media use
Internet-riippuvuus teini-ikÀisillÀ : MitÀ se on ja miten sitÀ voi mitata
The purpose of this dissertation is to increase understanding of the nature of Internet Addiction (IA) among adolescents (aged 12 to 18 years), focusing on what IA is and how it is measured. Particular emphasis is given to the measurement of IA, and different variables are considered in order to deepen understanding of its various aspects. Accordingly, five studies have been conducted. Study I examines various Internet uses and gratifications (U&G) among adolescent Internet users by developing a valid and reliable 27-item Internet gratification scale (N = 1,914); Study II investigates the role of adolescentsâ demographic, technology accessibility, unwillingness to communicate attributes, and sought Internet U&Gs in predicting their tendency to experience IA (N = 1,914); Study III examines the effect of adolescent Internet usersâ background characteristics (e.g., demographics, technology accessibility, unwillingness to communicate attributes) on predicting different Internet U&Gs and heavy Internet use among adolescents (N = 1,914); Study IV investigates the psychometric properties of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), and the relationship between the CIUS and adolescent Internet usersâ background characteristics (e.g., demographics, ICT accessibility and Problematic ICT use) (N = 2,369); and Study V focuses on the development and validation of WhatsApp (WA) addiction scales for adolescents (N = 405).
Cross-sectional research and psychometric theory based analysis reveal the following findings. First, a valid and reliable Internet U&G instrument (27- item) addresses six dimensions of Internet U&G, namely information seeking, exposure, connecting, coordination, social influence, and entertainment (Study I). Second, the following are risk factors for adolescent IA: being male, lower academic performance, high daily time spent on Internet use, strict Internet parenting at home, higher approach avoidance and reward seeking, looking for more connecting, coordination and social influence seeking, and pursuing lower information seeking and exposure gratifications (Study II). Third, older females, adolescents with higher academic performance, higher reward seeking and lower daily Internet use content gratifications such as information seeking & exposure; male, adolescents seeking higher approach avoidance and reward seeking tend to seek higher social gratifications such as connecting & coordination; and higher approach avoidance and reward seeking tendencies predicted process gratifications such as social influence & entertainment (Study III). Fourth, the CIUS possesses good psychometric properties with fairly high reliability, homogeneity and validity. Male, older adolescents, those with lower academic performance, lower life satisfaction, active Internet use (including daily Internet use, excessive Internet use and overall Internet activity) and problematic Internet use significantly predicted compulsive Internet use among adolescents. The study confirmed the findings of Study II (Study IV). Fifth, three original IA scales were adjusted to access WhatsApp (WA) addiction among adolescents. The data showed that they were valid and reliable self-reporting instruments. In addition, a shorter version of each of the three adapted instruments and a 16-item unified scale were also developed and validated. All five studies (Studies I, II, III, IV, V) examined various perspectives on the conceptualization of IA with a strong focus on the measurement and development of valid and reliable instruments to measure IA
To conclude, the results indicate that not all adolescents equally experience IA; rather, some are more vulnerable than others. The studies have clarified situations, attributes or behaviors that lead to IA among adolescents. Moreover, new Internet U&Gs have been identified to help to conceptualize IA. In addition, the developed and validated instruments (27-item Internet U&G, 14-item CIUS, 14-item WA addiction test, 8-item and 10-item compulsive WA use) will serve as handy tools for teachers, educational psychologists, and counsellors. By utilizing these instruments, one can easily screen compulsive Internet users from a normal population and provide vulnerable students with timely help and support. The present study confirms the findings of earlier IA literature available in the context of Internet users from a wider age group, and different cultural and demographic settings. The current studies are important, especially because the target user group is adolescent Internet users (aged 12 to 18 years) who have been overlooked in IA and Internet U&G literature. These findings also emphasize the importance of recognizing IA as a problem among adolescents, which many adolescents unknowingly are or become vulnerable to be in daily life settings. The findings are valuable in terms of education and research.TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli lisÀtÀ ymmÀrrystÀ siitÀ, mitÀ on Internet-riippuvuus (Internet Addiction, IA) 12 -18 -vuotiailla nuorilla. KeskiösssÀ oli kÀsitteen mÀÀrittely sekÀ IA-ilmiön mittaaminen. Erilaisia kriteerimuuttujia kÀytettiin myös, jotta ilmiötÀ voitaisiin ymmÀrtÀÀ erilaisista nÀkökulmista. Osatutkimuksessa I tarkasteltiin teini-ikÀisten Internetin kÀyttöÀ ja siihen liittyvÀÀ mielihyvÀÀ (U&G) kehittÀmÀllÀ validi ja luotettava 27 kysymyksen ŽInternet gratification scale' (N = 1 914). Osatutkimuksessa II tutkittiin nuorten demografisten tietojen, teknologian saatavuuden, kommunikaatiohalukkuuden sekÀ kÀytön ja siihen liittyvÀn mielihyvÀn ennustearvoa Internet-riippuvuuden kokemisen suhteen (N = 1914). Osatutkimuksessa III tutkittiin teini-ikÀisten Internetin kÀyttÀjien taustamuuttujien ennustearvoa (mm. demografiset tiedot, teknologian saatavuus, haluttomuus kommunikoida) suhteessa kÀyttöön, mielihyvÀÀn (U&G) and intensiiviseen Internetin kÀyttöön teini-ikÀisillÀ (N = 1914). Osatutkimuksessa IV tarkasteltiin mittarin 'Compulsive Internet Use Scale' (CIUS) psykometrisiÀ ominaisuuksia sekÀ CIUSin yhteyttÀ teini-ikÀisten Internetin kÀyttÀjien taustamuuttujiin, teknologian saatavuuteen ja ongelmalliseen teknologian kÀyttöön (N = 2369). Osatutkimus V keskittyi 'WhatsApp (WA) addiction scales for adolescents' -mittarin kehittÀmiseen ja validointiin (N = 405).
Analyysit perustuivat poikkileikkausasetelmaan ja psykometriseen teoriaan. Tulokset olivat seuraavat: EnsinnÀkin havaittiin, ettÀ validi and reliaabeli Internet U&G instrument kÀsitti kuusi Internetin kÀytön ja mielihyvÀn ulottuuvuutta: informaation hakeminen, altistuminen, yhteydenpito, koordinointi, sosiaalinen vaikuttaminen ja viihde (Osatutkimus I). Toiseksi nuorten Internet-riippuvuutta ennustivat merkitsevÀsti seuraavat muuttujat: sukupuoli (pojat), heikompi akateeminen suoriutuminen InternetissÀ kÀytetyn ajan mÀÀrÀ, tiukka Internetin valvonta koton, korkea vÀlttÀmiskÀyttÀytyminen, alhainen palkitsemishakuisuus, runsas yhteyden hakeminen muihin, koordinoivan toiminnan ja sosiaalisen vaikuttamisen tarve, vÀhÀisempi informaation hakeminen sekÀ altistuminen Internetin tuottamalle mielihyvÀlle (Osatutkimus II). Kolmanneksi ikÀ, sukupuoli (tytöt), koulussa hyvin menestyminen, korkea palkitsemishakuisuus sekÀ vÀhÀisempi Internetin pÀivittÀinen kÀyttö ennustivat sisÀllöllistÀ mielihyvÀÀ kuten tiedon hakua ja tiedolle altistumista. Sen sijaan sukupuoli (pojat), korkeampi vÀlttÀmiskÀyttÀytyminen ja alhaisempi palkitsemishakuisuus olivat yhteydessÀ sosiaalisen mielihyvÀn hakuun (kuten yhteydenpito ja koordinointi). Korkeampi vÀlttÀmiskÀyttÀytyminen ja palkitsemishakuisuus ennustivat prosessiin kohdistuvaa mielihyvÀÀ kuten sosiaalista vaikuttamista ja viihdekÀyttöÀ (Osatutkimus III). NeljÀnneksi CIUSin psykometriset ominaisuudet olivat hyvÀt ja reliabiliteetti vÀhintÀÀn kohtalainen, samoin kuin validiteetti ja homogeenisuus. Pojat, vanhemmat teini-ikÀiset, akateemisesti heikommin suoriutuvat, elÀmÀÀnsÀ vÀhemmÀn tyytyvÀiset, aktiiviset internetin kÀyttÀjÀt sekÀ Internetin kÀytön ongelmalliseksi kokevat ilmaisivat useammin myös pakonomaista Internetin kÀyttöÀ (Osatutkimus IV). TÀmÀ tutkimus myös vahvisti toisen osatutkimuksen tulokset. Osatutkimuksessa V kolme alkuperÀistÀ pakonomaisen Internetin kÀyttöÀ koskevaa skaalaa (summamuuttujaa) muokattiin mittaamaan WhatsAppriippuvuutta (WA) nuorilla. TÀmÀ osoittautui reliaabeliksi itsearvioinnin mittariksi. LisÀksi kehitettiin ja validoitiin16 kysymystÀ kÀsittÀvÀ lyhyempi versio jokaisesta kolmesta instrumentista. Kaikki viisi osatutkimusta (I, II, III, IV, V) tarkastelivat eri nÀkökulmia Internet-riippuvuuteen ja auttoivat kÀsitteellistÀmÀÀn sitÀ. Tutkimuksissa painottui vahvasti Internetriippuvuutta koskevien luotettavien mittareiden kehittÀminen sekÀ tÀmÀn ilmiön mittaaminen.
JohtopÀÀtöksenÀ voidaan todeta ettÀ kaikki nuoret eivÀt altistu Internetriippuvuudelle samalla tavalla, vaan jotkut ovat sille muita alttiimpia. NÀmÀ tutkimukset selvensivÀt tilanteita, piirteitÀ ja kÀyttÀytymismalleja jotka voivat johtaa Internet-riippuvuuteen teini-iÀssÀ. LisÀksi uusia Internetin kÀyttöön ja se tuottamaan mielihyvÀÀn liityviÀ tekijöitÀ tuli esille ja ilmiötÀ voidaan nyt paremmin kÀsitteellistÀÀ. LisÀksi tutkimuksessa kehitetyt ja validoidut mittarit (27-kysymyksen Internet U&G, 14 kysymyksen CIUS, 14 kysymyksen WA addiction test, 8 kysymyksen ja 10 kysymyksen pakonomaisen Whatappin kÀyttÀmisen mittarit) voivat toimia kÀtevinÀ työvÀlineinÀ opettajille, koulupsykologeille ja opinto-ohjaajille. NÀiden mittareiden avulla saadaan helposti selville, onko Internetin kÀyttö pakonomaista ja poikkeaako se normaalista populaatiosta. TÀllÀ tavalla on mahdollistaa auttaa Internet-addiktiolle mahdollisesti altistuvia oppilaita. TÀmÀ tutkimus vahvisti aikaisempia Internet-riippuvuuteen liittyviÀ tutkimuksia ja auttoin yleistÀmÀÀn niitÀ laajempiin ikÀryhmiin sekÀ uusiin kulttuureihin ja konteksteihin. Tutkimus on tÀrkeÀ, koska kohderyhmÀ on sellainen, jota ei aiemmin juuri ole tutkittu. Tulokset myös painottavat Internet-riippuvuuden toteamista ja tunnistamista. KyseessÀ on potentiaalinen ongelma, jolle lukuisat nuoret voivat altistua jokapÀivÀisessÀ elÀmÀssÀÀn. On myös huomattava, ettÀ suurin osa nuorista kokee mielihyvÀÀ Internetin kÀytöstÀ, mutta ei osoita addiktion oireita
Exploring Addictive Online Behaviors in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1
Background: Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological sleep disorder caused by the loss of neurons that produce hypocretinâa peptide that plays a crucial role in addictive behaviors. We aimed to compare, for the first time, levels of problematic online gaming, problematic social media use, and compulsive Internet use between NT1 patients and healthy controls (HC), and to evaluate the association between anxiety, depression, and emotion dysregulation with addictive online behaviors in NT1 patients. Methods: A total of 43 patients with NT1 and 86 sex- and age-matched HC participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Results: NT1 patients did not differ from HC in terms of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use but displayed higher levels of problematic online gaming compared to HC. Higher levels of emotion dysregulation were significantly associated with higher levels of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use, while none of the tested factors were associated with problematic online gaming. Conclusion: NT1 patients and HC had similar levels of problematic social media use and compulsive Internet use, but NT1 patients showed higher levels of problematic online gaming. Emotion dysregulation might be an intervention target for reducing compulsive Internet use and problematic social media use
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