Hubungan Proses Persalinan Terhadap Perkembangan Motorik Pada Bayi Usia 4 Bulan Dan 10 Bulan

Background: Motor development is the development of a control body movement through the coordination of the activity of the central nervous, peripheral nerves and :muscles. Control the 111(\\,<::I11<e:mnterged from the development of reflex-reflex which started in the womb. •1he development 01" 111010c1o' nsist of 2 1110torthat is differentiated into gross and line motor. The gross 111010ris an aspect of motor development of locomotion (movement) and postures (body position). while the fine motor development is an aspect thai is affected by maturation of neuromuscular coordination. 1110torfunction is good. accurate visual function. and the ability of the intellect nonverbal. Motor development i$ influenced by many factors. both from" ithin and from the outside one is labor. Birthing is consist of2 thai is spontaneous labor and seciio caesarea. Spontaneous birthing cause a baby actively experiencing the reflex was born. while babies who are born in sectio caesarea do not experience a reflex born. Early development in the baby's brain is maturasi influenced by primitive reflex mechanisms which were reflected in the womb. birth reflexes. reflexes after born and natural reflexes. Primitive reflexes of the average will be clouded by a functional movement at the age of 6 months. Primitive:' reflexes of their residence shows the presence or impaired development. Objective: This research was conducted to find out the labor relationship with 1110tordevelopment of infants aged .j months and I() months. Research method: This study uses observational approach case control of retrospective. Measuring instrument used is the II DDST. Su~jCCtS research 30 infants aged 41months and ~O infants aged I() months. Result: Test analysis using Chi-Square with the result p value on 4 month age group is 0.0 II and P value On 10 month age group is 0.127. Conclusion: On 4 1110nthage group the P value < 0.05 which means there is a relationship between birth'ing with the development of motor skills and 10 month age group the P value > (LOS which means there is no relationship between binhing with the development of motor skills. Key words: fine 1110torgross motor. birthing proces

PENYULUHAN TENTANG PERTUMBUHAN FISIK DAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK ANAK DI KECAMATAN BIRU-BIRU

The physical and motor development of a child is influenced by many factors, one of which is the labor process. The labor process can be divided into two parts: natural delivery and caesarean section. During spontaneous labor, babies actively experience the labor reflex, but babies born by cesarean section do not experience the labor reflex. Early development of the adult infant brain is influenced by reflex mechanisms, including primitive intrauterine reflexes, birth reflexes, primitive postnatal reflexes, and natural reflexes. Indigenous reflexes, on average, were masked by functional exercise at 6 months of age. Persistent primitive reflexes indicate a developmental disorder. Motor development controls the development of body movements by coordinating the activities of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, and muscles. This control of movement is due to the development of reflexes that begin in the womb. The development of athletic achievement can be divided into two types. In other words, thorough motor skills and fine motor skills. Overall movement is an aspect of motor (movement) and postural (positional) development, and fine motor skills include mature motor function, good neuromuscular coordination, accurate visual function, and non-verbal intellectual skills

Online control of prehension predicts performance on a standardized motor assessment test in 8- to 12-Year-old children

Goal-directed hand movements are guided by sensory information and may be adjusted 'online,' during the movement. If the target of a movement unexpectedly changes position, trajectory corrections can be initiated in as little as 100 ms in adults. This rapid visual online control is impaired in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and potentially in other neurodevelopmental conditions. We investigated the visual control of hand movements in children in a 'center-out' double-step reaching and grasping task, and examined how parameters of this visuomotor control co-vary with performance on standardized motor tests often used with typically and atypically developing children. Two groups of children aged 8-12 years were asked to reach and grasp an illuminated central ball on a vertically oriented board. On a proportion of trials, and at movement onset, the illumination switched unpredictably to one of four other balls in a center-out configuration (left, right, up, or down). When the target moved, all but one of the children were able to correct their movements before reaching the initial target, at least on some trials, but the latencies to initiate these corrections were longer than those typically reported in the adult literature, ranging from 211 to 581 ms. These later corrections may be due to less developed motor skills in children, or to the increased cognitive and biomechanical complexity of switching movements in four directions. In the first group (n = 187), reaching and grasping parameters significantly predicted standardized movement scores on the MABC-2, most strongly for the aiming and catching component. In the second group (n = 85), these same parameters did not significantly predict scores on the DCDQ'07 parent questionnaire. Our reaching and grasping task provides a sensitive and continuous measure of movement skill that predicts scores on standardized movement tasks used to screen for DCD

Approaches to motor learning: Cognitive approach versus ecological dinamyc one

The aim is to deepen the knowledge on the scientific evidence between the biomedical and pedagogical part and on the differences of the two approaches commonly used for teaching / learning processes: the cognitive and ecological-dynamic approach on one's own characteristics and specific paradigms. The retrieval of scientific literature took place through the use of specialized web research on: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, PMCfreearticle, CrossRef by PRISMA method. Motor learning is the stabilized execution of a given movement, executive technique, or gesture. It means that in the face of a number of repetitions most are performed correctly. Cognitive approach places the person at the centre of the teaching / learning process, neglecting the inferences that the surrounding environment produces. Ecological-dynamic approach, which considers motor coordination as an organization emerging from the peripheral constraints of the system rather than from central control structures, is defined as ecological, since it does not consider the aspects of motor coordination within the individual but, more generally, the complex interaction between the individual and the environment and the circular relationship between perception and action. The characteristics and paradigms of two approaches highlight two opposite ways to motor learning with an unsolved problem on which one is correct to use in physical education and sports performance

Intentionality and “free-will” from a neurodevelopmental perspective

The nature of free-will as a subset of intentionality and probabilistic and deterministic function is explored with the indications being that human behavior is highly predictable which in turn, should compromise the notion of free-will. Data supports the notion that age relates to the ability to progressively effectively establish goals performed by fixed action patterns and that these FAPs produce outcomes that in turn modify choices (free-will) for which FAPs need to be employed. Early goals require behaviors that require greater automation in terms of FAPs that lead to goals being achieved or not; if not, then one can change behavior and that in turn is free-will. Goals change with age based on experience which is similar to the way in which movement functions. We hypothesize that human prefrontal cortex development was a natural expansion of the evolutionarily earlier developed areas of the frontal lobe and that goal-directed movements and behavior, including choice and free-will, provided for an expansion of those areas. The same regions of the human central nervous system that were already employed for better control, coordination, and timing of movements, expanded in parallel with the frontal cortex. The initial focus of the frontal lobes was the control of motor activity, but as the movements became more goal-directed, greater cognitive control over movement was necessitated leading to voluntary control of FAPs or free-will. The paper reviews the neurobiology, neurohistology, and electrophysiology of brain connectivities developmentally, along with the development of those brain functions linked to decision-making from a developmental viewpoint. The paper reviews the neurological development of the frontal lobes and inter-regional brain connectivities in the context of optimization of communication systems within the brain and nervous system and its relation to free-will

Gastrocnemius and Power Amplifier Soleus Spring-Tendons Achieve Fast Human-like Walking in a Bipedal Robot

Legged locomotion in humans is governed by natural dynamics of the human body and neural control. One mechanism that is assumed to contribute to the high efficiency of human walking is the impulsive ankle push-off, which potentially powers the swing leg catapult. However, the mechanics of the human lower leg with its complex muscle-tendon units spanning over single and multiple joints is not yet understood. Legged robots allow testing the interaction between complex leg mechanics, control, and environment in real-world walking gait. We developed a 0.49m tall, 2.2kg anthropomorphic bipedal robot with Soleus and Gastrocnemius muscle-tendon units represented by linear springs, acting as mono- and biarticular elastic structures around the robot's ankle and knee joints. We tested the influence of three Soleus and Gastrocnemius spring-tendon configurations on the ankle power curves, the coordination of the ankle and knee joint movements, the total cost of transport, and walking speed. We controlled the robot with a feed-forward central pattern generator, leading to walking speeds between 0.35m/s and 0.57m/s at 1.0Hz locomotion frequency, at 0.35m leg length. We found differences between all three configurations; the Soleus spring-tendon modulates the robot's speed and energy efficiency likely by ankle power amplification, while the Gastrocnemius spring-tendon changes the movement coordination between ankle and knee joints during push-off.Comment: Data and code repository at https://doi.org/10.17617/3.BQ2PZ9. Video on youtube at https://youtu.be/T79pKLQ47X

Network Physiology of Cortico–Muscular Interactions

Skeletal muscle activity is continuously modulated across physiologic states to provide coordination, flexibility and responsiveness to body tasks and external inputs. Despite the central role the muscular system plays in facilitating vital body functions, the network of brain-muscle interactions required to control hundreds of muscles and synchronize their activation in relation to distinct physiologic states has not been investigated. Recent approaches have focused on general associations between individual brain rhythms and muscle activation during movement tasks. However, the specific forms of coupling, the functional network of cortico-muscular coordination, and how network structure and dynamics are modulated by autonomic regulation across physiologic states remains unknown. To identify and quantify the cortico-muscular interaction network and uncover basic features of neuro-autonomic control of muscle function, we investigate the coupling between synchronous bursts in cortical rhythms and peripheral muscle activation during sleep and wake. Utilizing the concept of time delay stability and a novel network physiology approach, we find that the brain-muscle network exhibits complex dynamic patterns of communication involving multiple brain rhythms across cortical locations and different electromyographic frequency bands. Moreover, our results show that during each physiologic state the cortico-muscular network is characterized by a specific profile of network links strength, where particular brain rhythms play role of main mediators of interaction and control. Further, we discover a hierarchical reorganization in network structure across physiologic states, with high connectivity and network link strength during wake, intermediate during REM and light sleep, and low during deep sleep, a sleep-stage stratification that demonstrates a unique association between physiologic states and cortico-muscular network structure. The reported empirical observations are consistent across individual subjects, indicating universal behavior in network structure and dynamics, and high sensitivity of cortico-muscular control to changes in autonomic regulation, even at low levels of physical activity and muscle tone during sleep. Our findings demonstrate previously unrecognized basic principles of brain-muscle network communication and control, and provide new perspectives on the regulatory mechanisms of brain dynamics and locomotor activation, with potential clinical implications for neurodegenerative, movement and sleep disorders, and for developing efficient treatment strategies

Modifying upper-limb inter-joint coordination in healthy subjects by training with a robotic exoskeleton

Background: The possibility to modify the usually pathological patterns of coordination of the upper-limb in stroke survivors remains a central issue and an open question for neurorehabilitation. Despite robot-led physical training could potentially improve the motor recovery of hemiparetic patients, most of the state-of-the-art studies addressing motor control learning, with artificial virtual force fields, only focused on the end-effector kinematic adaptation, by using planar devices. Clearly, an interesting aspect of studying 3D movements with a robotic exoskeleton, is the possibility to investigate the way the human central nervous system deals with the natural upper-limb redundancy for common activities like pointing or tracking tasks. Methods: We asked twenty healthy participants to perform 3D pointing or tracking tasks under the effect of inter-joint velocity dependant perturbing force fields, applied directly at the joint level by a 4-DOF robotic arm exoskeleton. These fields perturbed the human natural inter-joint coordination but did not constrain directly the end-effector movements and thus subjects capability to perform the tasks. As a consequence, while the participants focused on the achievement of the task, we unexplicitly modified their natural upper-limb coordination strategy. We studied the force fields direct effect on pointing movements towards 8 targets placed in the 3D peripersonal space, and we also considered potential generalizations on 4 distinct other targets. Post-effects were studied after the removal of the force fields (wash-out and follow up). These effects were quantified by a kinematic analysis of the pointing movements at both end-point and joint levels, and by a measure of the final postures. At the same time, we analysed the natural inter-joint coordination through PCA. Results: During the exposition to the perturbative fields, we observed modifications of the subjects movement kinematics at every level (joints, end-effector, and inter-joint coordination). Adaptation was evidenced by a partial decrease of the movement deviations due to the fields, during the repetitions, but it occurred only on 21% of the motions. Nonetheless post-effects were observed in 86% of cases during the wash-out and follow up periods (right after the removal of the perturbation by the fields and after 30 minutes of being detached from the exoskeleton). Important inter-individual differences were observed but with small variability within subjects. In particular, a group of subjects showed an over-shoot with respect to the original unexposed trajectories (in 30% of cases), but the most frequent consequence (in 55% of cases) was the partial persistence of the modified upper-limb coordination, adopted at the time of the perturbation. Temporal and spatial generalizations were also evidenced by the deviation of the movement trajectories, both at the end-effector and at the intermediate joints and the modification of the final pointing postures towards targets which were never exposed to any field. Conclusions: Such results are the first quantified characterization of the effects of modification of the upper-limb coordination in healthy subjects, by imposing modification through viscous force fields distributed at the joint level, and could pave the way towards opportunities to rehabilitate pathological arm synergies with robots

Leg Coordination during Walking in Insects

Locomotion depends on constant adaptation to different requirements of the environment. An appropriate temporal and spatial coordination of multiple body parts is necessary to achieve a stable and adapted behavior. Until now it is unclear how the neuronal structures can achieve these meaningful adaptations. The exact role of the nervous system, muscles and mechanical constrains are not known. By using preparations in which special forms of adaptations are considered under experimental conditions that selectively exclude external influences, like mechanical interactions through the ground or differences in body mass, one can draw conclusions about the organization of the respective underlying neuronal structures. In the present thesis, four different publications are presented, giving evidence of mechanisms of temporal or spatial coordination of leg movements in the stick insect Carausius morosus and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster during different experimental paradigms. At first, state dependent local coordinating mechanisms are analyzed. Electromyographic measurements of the three major antagonistic leg muscle pairs of the forward and backward walking stick insect are evaluated. It becomes evident that only the motor activity of the most proximal leg joint is changed when walking direction is changed from forward to backward, which demonstrates that the neuronal networks driving movement in each individual leg seem to be organized in a modular structure. In the second part mechanisms that influence movement speed of the individual leg and coordination of speed between the different legs of the stick insect come into focus. Electrophysiological and behavioral experiments with the intact and reduced stick insect were used to examine relationships between the velocity of a stepping front leg and neuronal activity in the mesothoracic segment as well as correlations between the stepping velocities of different legs during walks with constant velocity or with distinct accelerations. It was shown that stepping velocity of single legs were not reflected in motoneuron activity or stepping velocity of another leg. Only when an increase in walking speed was induced, clear correlation in the stepping velocities of the individual legs was found. Subsequently, the analysis of changes in temporal leg coordination during different walking speeds in the fruit fly reveals that the locomotor system of Drosophila can cover a broad range of walking speeds and seems to follow the same rules as the locomotor system of the stick insect. Walking speed is increased by modifying stance duration, whereas swing duration and step amplitude remain largely unchanged. Changes in inter-leg coordination are gradually and systematically with walking speed and can adapt to major biomechanical changes in its walking apparatus. In the final part it was the aim to understand the role of neuronal mechanisms for the orientation and spatial coordination of foot placement in the stick insect. Placement of middle and hind legs with respect to the position of their respective rostrally neighboring leg were analyzed under two different conditions. Segment and state dependent differences in the aiming accuracy of the middle and hind legs could be shown, which indicate differences in the underlying neuronal structures in the different segments and the importance of movement in the target leg for the processing of the position information. Taken together, common principles in inter-leg coordination where found, like similarities between different organisms and segment specific or state dependent modifications in the walking system. They can be interpreted as evidence for a highly adaptive and modular design of the underlying neuronal structures