Roadmap on optical security

Postprint (author's final draft

Application of Stochastic Diffusion for Hiding High Fidelity Encrypted Images

Cryptography coupled with information hiding has received increased attention in recent years and has become a major research theme because of the importance of protecting encrypted information in any Electronic Data Interchange system in a way that is both discrete and covert. One of the essential limitations in any cryptography system is that the encrypted data provides an indication on its importance which arouses suspicion and makes it vulnerable to attack. Information hiding of Steganography provides a potential solution to this issue by making the data imperceptible, the security of the hidden information being a threat only if its existence is detected through Steganalysis. This paper focuses on a study methods for hiding encrypted information, specifically, methods that encrypt data before embedding in host data where the ‘data’ is in the form of a full colour digital image. Such methods provide a greater level of data security especially when the information is to be submitted over the Internet, for example, since a potential attacker needs to first detect, then extract and then decrypt the embedded data in order to recover the original information. After providing an extensive survey of the current methods available, we present a new method of encrypting and then hiding full colour images in three full colour host images with out loss of fidelity following data extraction and decryption. The application of this technique, which is based on a technique called ‘Stochastic Diffusion’ are wide ranging and include covert image information interchange, digital image authentication, video authentication, copyright protection and digital rights management of image data in general

Roadmap on optical security

Information security and authentication are important challenges facing society. Recent attacks by hackers on the databases of large commercial and financial companies have demonstrated that more research and development of advanced approaches are necessary to deny unauthorized access to critical data. Free space optical technology has been investigated by many researchers in information security, encryption, and authentication. The main motivation for using optics and photonics for information security is that optical waveforms possess many complex degrees of freedom such as amplitude, phase, polarization, large bandwidth, nonlinear transformations, quantum properties of photons, and multiplexing that can be combined in many ways to make information encryption more secure and more difficult to attack. This roadmap article presents an overview of the potential, recent advances, and challenges of optical security and encryption using free space optics. The roadmap on optical security is comprised of six categories that together include 16 short sections written by authors who have made relevant contributions in this field. The first category of this roadmap describes novel encryption approaches, including secure optical sensing which summarizes double random phase encryption applications and flaws [Yamaguchi], the digital holographic encryption in free space optical technique which describes encryption using multidimensional digital holography [Nomura], simultaneous encryption of multiple signals [Pérez-Cabré], asymmetric methods based on information truncation [Nishchal], and dynamic encryption of video sequences [Torroba]. Asymmetric and one-way cryptosystems are analyzed by Peng. The second category is on compression for encryption. In their respective contributions, Alfalou and Stern propose similar goals involving compressed data and compressive sensing encryption. The very important area of cryptanalysis is the topic of the third category with two sections: Sheridan reviews phase retrieval algorithms to perform different attacks, whereas Situ discusses nonlinear optical encryption techniques and the development of a rigorous optical information security theory. The fourth category with two contributions reports how encryption could be implemented at the nano- or micro-scale. Naruse discusses the use of nanostructures in security applications and Carnicer proposes encoding information in a tightly focused beam. In the fifth category, encryption based on ghost imaging using single-pixel detectors is also considered. In particular, the authors [Chen, Tajahuerce] emphasize the need for more specialized hardware and image processing algorithms. Finally, in the sixth category, Mosk and Javidi analyze in their corresponding papers how quantum imaging can benefit optical encryption systems. Sources that use few photons make encryption systems much more difficult to attack, providing a secure method for authentication.Centro de Investigaciones ÓpticasConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica

Deep Features and Clustering Based Keyframes Selection with Security

The digital world is developing more quickly than ever. Multimedia processing and distribution, however become vulnerable issues due to the enormous quantity and significance of vital information. Therefore, extensive technologies and algorithms are required for the safe transmission of messages, images, and video files. This paper proposes a secure framework by acute integration of video summarization and image encryption. Three parts comprise the proposed cryptosystem framework. The informative frames are first extracted using an efficient and lightweight technique that make use of the color histogram-clustering (RGB-HSV) approach's processing capabilities. Each frame of a video is represented by deep features, which are based on an enhanced pre-trained Inception-v3 network. After that summary is obtain using the K-means optimal clustering algorithm. The representative keyframes then extracted using the clusters highest possible entropy nodes. Experimental validation on two well-known standard datasets demonstrates the proposed methods superiority to numerous state-of-the-art approaches. Finally, the proposed framework performs an efficient image encryption and decryption algorithm by employing a general linear group function GLn (F). The analysis and testing outcomes prove the superiority of the proposed adaptive RSA

Bl-IEA: a Bit-Level Image Encryption Algorithm for cognitive services in Intelligent Transportation Systems

In Intelligent Transportation Systems, images are the main data sources to be analyzed for providing intelligent and precision cognitive services. Therefore, how to protect the privacy of sensitive images in the process of information transmission has become an important research issue, especially in future no non-private data era. In this article, we design the Rearrangement-Arnold Cat Map (R-ACM) to disturb the relationship between adjacent pixels and further propose an efficient Bit-level Image Encryption Algorithm(Bl-IEA) based on R-ACM. Experiments show that the correlation coefficients of two adjacent pixels are 0.0022 in the horizontal direction, -0.0105 in the vertical direction, and -0.0035 in the diagonal direction respectively, which are obviously weaker than that of the original image with high correlations of adjacent pixels. What's more, the NPCR is 0.996120172, and the UACI is 0.334613406, which indicate that Bl-IEA has stronger ability to resist different attacks compared with other solutions. Especially, the lower time complexity and only one round permutation make it particularly suitable to be used in the time-limited intelligent transportation field

Roadmap on optical security

Information security and authentication are important challenges facing our society. Recent attacks by hackers on the databases of large commercial and financial companies have demonstrated that more research and developments of advanced approaches are necessary to deny unauthorized access to critical data. Free space optical technology has been investigated by many researchers in information security, encryption, and authentication. The main motivation for using optics and photonics for information security is that optical waveforms possess many complex degrees of freedom such as amplitude, phase, polarization, large bandwidth, nonlinear transformations, quantum properties of photons, and multiplexing that can be combined in many ways to make the information encryption more secure and more difficult to attack. This roadmap article presents an overview of the potential, recent advances, and the challenges of optical security and encryption using free space optics. The roadmap on optical security is comprised of six categories that together include 16 short sections written by authors who have made relevant contributions in this field. The first category of this roadmap describes novel encryption approaches, including secure optical sensing which summarizes double random phase encryption applications and flaws [Yamaguchi], digital holographic encryption in free space optical technique which describes encryption using multidimensional digital holography [Nomura], simultaneous encryption of multiple signals [Pérez-Cabré], asymmetric methods based on information truncation [Nishchal], and dynamic encryption of video sequences [Torroba]. Asymmetric and one-way cryptosystems are analyzed by Peng. The second category is on compression for encryption. In their respective contributions, Alfalou and Stern propose similar goals involving compressed data and compressive sensing encryption. The very important area of cryptanalysis is the topic of the third category with two sections: Sheridan reviews phase retrieval algorithms to perform different attacks, whereas Situ discusses nonlinear optical encryption techniques and the development of a rigorous optical information security theory. The fourth category with two contributions reports how encryption could be implemented in the nano- or microscale. Naruse discusses the use of nanostructures in security applications and Carnicer proposes encoding information in a tightly focused beam. In the fifth category, encryption based on ghost imaging using single-pixel detectors is also considered. In particular, the authors [Chen, Tajahuerce] emphasize the need for more specialized hardware and image processing algorithms. Finally, in the sixth category, Mosk and Javidi analyze in their corresponding papers how quantum imaging can benefit optical encryption systems. Sources that use few photons make encryption systems much more difficult to attack, providing a secure method for authentication

Deep Features and Clustering Based Keyframes Selection with Security

The digital world is developing more quickly than ever. Multimedia processing and distribution, however become vulnerable issues due to the enormous quantity and significance of vital information. Therefore, extensive technologies and algorithms are required for the safe transmission of messages, images, and video files. This paper proposes a secure framework by acute integration of video summarization and image encryption. Three parts comprise the proposed cryptosystem framework. The informative frames are first extracted using an efficient and lightweight technique that make use of the color histogram-clustering (RGB-HSV) approach's processing capabilities. Each frame of a video is represented by deep features, which are based on an enhanced pre-trained Inception-v3 network. After that summary is obtain using the K-means optimal clustering algorithm. The representative keyframes then extracted using the clusters highest possible entropy nodes. Experimental validation on two well-known standard datasets demonstrates the proposed methods superiority to numerous state-of-the-art approaches. Finally, the proposed framework performs an efficient image encryption and decryption algorithm by employing a general linear group function GLn (F). The analysis and testing outcomes prove the superiority of the proposed adaptive RSA

Evaluation of the quality of an image encrytion scheme

Encryption systems have been developed for image viewing applications using the Hill Cipher algorithm. This study aims to evaluate the image encryption quality of the Hill Cipher algorithm. Several traditional metrics are used to evaluate the quality of the encryption scheme. Three of such metrics have been selected for this study. These include, the Colour Histogram, the Maximum Deviation (comparing the original image) and the Entropy Analysis of the encrypted image. Encryption quality results from all three schemes using a variety of images show that a plain Hill Cipher approach gives a good result for all kinds of images but is more suited for colour dense images