Detecção de pornografia em vídeos através de técnicas de aprendizado profundo e informações de movimento

Orientadores: Anderson de Rezende Rocha, Vanessa TestoniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Com o crescimento exponencial de gravações em vídeos disponíveis online, a moderação manual de conteúdos sensíveis, e.g, pornografia, violência e multidões, se tornou impra- ticável, aumentando a necessidade de uma filtragem automatizada. Nesta linha, muitos trabalhos exploraram o problema de detecção de pornografia, usando abordagens que vão desde a detecção de pele e nudez, até o uso de características locais e sacola de pala- vras visuais. Contudo, essas técnicas sofrem com casos ambíguos (e.g., cenas em praia, luta livre), produzindo muitos falsos positivos. Isto está possivelmente relacionado com o fato de que essas abordagens estão desatualizadas, e de que poucos autores usaram a informação de movimento presente nos vídeos, que pode ser crucial para a desambi- guação visual dos casos mencionados. Indo adiante para superar estas questões, neste trabalho, nós exploramos soluções de aprendizado em profundidade para o problema de detecção de pornografia em vídeos, levando em consideração tanto a informação está- tica, quanto a informação de movimento disponível em cada vídeo em questão. Quando combinamos as características estáticas e de movimento, o método proposto supera as soluções existentes na literatura. Apesar de as abordagens de aprendizado em profun- didade, mais especificamente as Redes Neurais Convolucionais (RNC), terem alcançado resultados impressionantes em outros problemas de visão computacional, este método tão promissor ainda não foi explorado suficientemente no problema detecção de pornografia, principalmente no que tange à incorporação de informações de movimento presente no vídeo. Adicionalmente, propomos novas formas de combinar as informações estáticas e de movimento usando RNCs, que ainda não foram exploradas para detecção de pornografia, nem em outras tarefas de reconhecimento de ações. Mais especificamente, nós exploramos duas fontes distintas de informação de movimento: Campos de deslocamento de Fluxo Óptico, que tem sido tradicionalmente usados para classificação de vídeos; e Vetores de Movimento MPEG. Embora Vetores de Movimento já tenham sido utilizados pela litera- tura na tarefa de detecção de pornografia, neste trabalho nós os adaptamos, criando uma representação visual apropriada, antes de passá-los a uma rede neural convolucional para aprendizado e extração de características. Nossos experimentos mostraram que, apesar de a técnica de Vetores de Movimento MPEG possuir uma performance inferior quando utilizada de forma isolada, quando comparada à técnica baseada em Fluxo Óptico, ela consegue uma performance similar ao complementar a informação estática, com a van- tagem de estar presente, por construção, nos vídeos, enquanto se decodifica os frames, evitando a necessidade da computação mais cara do Fluxo Óptico. Nossa melhor aborda- gem proposta supera os métodos existentes na literatura em diferentes datasets. Para o dataset Pornography 800, o método consegue uma acurácia de classificação de 97,9%, uma redução do erro de 64,4% quando comparado com o estado da arte (94,1% de acu- rácia neste dataset). Quando consideramos o dataset Pornography 2k, mais desafiador, nosso melhor método consegue um acurácia de 96,4%, reduzindo o erro de classificação em 14,3% em comparação ao estado da arte (95,8%)Abstract: With the exponential growth of video footage available online, human manual moderation of sensitive scenes, e.g., pornography, violence and crowd, became infeasible, increasing the necessity for automated filtering. In this vein, a great number of works has explored the pornographic detection problem, using approaches ranging from skin and nudity de- tection, to local features and bag of visual words. Yet, these techniques suffer from some ambiguous cases (e.g., beach scenes, wrestling), producing too much false positives. This is possibly related to the fact that these approaches are somewhat outdated, and that few authors have used the motion information present in videos, which could be crucial for the visual disambiguation of these cases. Setting forth to overcome these issues, in this work, we explore deep learning solutions to the problem of pornography detection in videos, tak- ing into account both the static and the motion information available for each questioned video. When incorporating the static and motion complementary features, the proposed method outperforms the existing solutions in the literature. Although Deep Learning ap- proaches, more specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have achieved striking results on other vision-related problems, such promising methods are still not sufficiently explored in pornography detection while incorporating motion information. We also pro- pose novel ways for combining the static and the motion information using CNNs, that have not been explored in pornography detection, nor in other action recognition tasks before. More specifically, we explore two distinct sources of motion information herein: Optical Flow displacement fields, which have been traditionally used for video classifica- tion; and MPEG Motion Vectors. Although Motion Vectors have already been used for pornography detection tasks in the literature, in this work, we adapt them, by finding an appropriate visual representation, before feeding a convolution neural network for feature learning and extraction. Our experiments show that although the MPEG Motion Vectors technique has an inferior performance by itself, than when using its Optical Flow coun- terpart, it yields a similar performance when complementing the static information, with the advantage of being present, by construction, in the video while decoding the frames, avoiding the need for the more expensive Optical Flow calculations. Our best approach outperforms existing methods in the literature when considering different datasets. For the Pornography 800 dataset, it yields a classification accuracy of 97.9%, an error re- duction of 64.4% when compared to the state of the art (94.1% in this dataset). Finally, considering the more challenging Pornography 2k dataset, our best method yields a clas- sification accuracy of 96.4%, reducing the classification error in 14.3% when compared to the state of the art (95.8% in the same dataset)MestradoCiência da ComputaçãoMestre em Ciência da ComputaçãoFuncampCAPE

Enhancing person annotation for personal photo management using content and context based technologies

Rapid technological growth and the decreasing cost of photo capture means that we are all taking more digital photographs than ever before. However, lack of technology for automatically organising personal photo archives has resulted in many users left with poorly annotated photos, causing them great frustration when such photo collections are to be browsed or searched at a later time. As a result, there has recently been significant research interest in technologies for supporting effective annotation. This thesis addresses an important sub-problem of the broad annotation problem, namely "person annotation" associated with personal digital photo management. Solutions to this problem are provided using content analysis tools in combination with context data within the experimental photo management framework, called “MediAssist”. Readily available image metadata, such as location and date/time, are captured from digital cameras with in-built GPS functionality, and thus provide knowledge about when and where the photos were taken. Such information is then used to identify the "real-world" events corresponding to certain activities in the photo capture process. The problem of enabling effective person annotation is formulated in such a way that both "within-event" and "cross-event" relationships of persons' appearances are captured. The research reported in the thesis is built upon a firm foundation of content-based analysis technologies, namely face detection, face recognition, and body-patch matching together with data fusion. Two annotation models are investigated in this thesis, namely progressive and non-progressive. The effectiveness of each model is evaluated against varying proportions of initial annotation, and the type of initial annotation based on individual and combined face, body-patch and person-context information sources. The results reported in the thesis strongly validate the use of multiple information sources for person annotation whilst emphasising the advantage of event-based photo analysis in real-life photo management systems

CHORUS Deliverable 2.1: State of the Art on Multimedia Search Engines

Based on the information provided by European projects and national initiatives related to multimedia search as well as domains experts that participated in the CHORUS Think-thanks and workshops, this document reports on the state of the art related to multimedia content search from, a technical, and socio-economic perspective. The technical perspective includes an up to date view on content based indexing and retrieval technologies, multimedia search in the context of mobile devices and peer-to-peer networks, and an overview of current evaluation and benchmark inititiatives to measure the performance of multimedia search engines. From a socio-economic perspective we inventorize the impact and legal consequences of these technical advances and point out future directions of research

Feature based dynamic intra-video indexing

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyWith the advent of digital imagery and its wide spread application in all vistas of life, it has become an important component in the world of communication. Video content ranging from broadcast news, sports, personal videos, surveillance, movies and entertainment and similar domains is increasing exponentially in quantity and it is becoming a challenge to retrieve content of interest from the corpora. This has led to an increased interest amongst the researchers to investigate concepts of video structure analysis, feature extraction, content annotation, tagging, video indexing, querying and retrieval to fulfil the requirements. However, most of the previous work is confined within specific domain and constrained by the quality, processing and storage capabilities. This thesis presents a novel framework agglomerating the established approaches from feature extraction to browsing in one system of content based video retrieval. The proposed framework significantly fills the gap identified while satisfying the imposed constraints of processing, storage, quality and retrieval times. The output entails a framework, methodology and prototype application to allow the user to efficiently and effectively retrieved content of interest such as age, gender and activity by specifying the relevant query. Experiments have shown plausible results with an average precision and recall of 0.91 and 0.92 respectively for face detection using Haar wavelets based approach. Precision of age ranges from 0.82 to 0.91 and recall from 0.78 to 0.84. The recognition of gender gives better precision with males (0.89) compared to females while recall gives a higher value with females (0.92). Activity of the subject has been detected using Hough transform and classified using Hiddell Markov Model. A comprehensive dataset to support similar studies has also been developed as part of the research process. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) providing a friendly and intuitive interface has been integrated into the developed system to facilitate the retrieval process. The comparison results of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) shows that the performance of the system closely resembles with that of the human annotator. The performance has been optimised for time and error rate

Indexing of fictional video content for event detection and summarisation

This paper presents an approach to movie video indexing that utilises audiovisual analysis to detect important and meaningful temporal video segments, that we term events. We consider three event classes, corresponding to dialogues, action sequences, and montages, where the latter also includes musical sequences. These three event classes are intuitive for a viewer to understand and recognise whilst accounting for over 90% of the content of most movies. To detect events we leverage traditional filmmaking principles and map these to a set of computable low-level audiovisual features. Finite state machines (FSMs) are used to detect when temporal sequences of specific features occur. A set of heuristics, again inspired by filmmaking conventions, are then applied to the output of multiple FSMs to detect the required events. A movie search system, named MovieBrowser, built upon this approach is also described. The overall approach is evaluated against a ground truth of over twenty-three hours of movie content drawn from various genres and consistently obtains high precision and recall for all event classes. A user experiment designed to evaluate the usefulness of an event-based structure for both searching and browsing movie archives is also described and the results indicate the usefulness of the proposed approach

Indexing of fictional video content for event detection and summarisation

This paper presents an approach to movie video indexing that utilises audiovisual analysis to detect important and meaningful temporal video segments, that we term events. We consider three event classes, corresponding to dialogues, action sequences, and montages, where the latter also includes musical sequences. These three event classes are intuitive for a viewer to understand and recognise whilst accounting for over 90% of the content of most movies. To detect events we leverage traditional filmmaking principles and map these to a set of computable low-level audiovisual features. Finite state machines (FSMs) are used to detect when temporal sequences of specific features occur. A set of heuristics, again inspired by filmmaking conventions, are then applied to the output of multiple FSMs to detect the required events. A movie search system, named MovieBrowser, built upon this approach is also described. The overall approach is evaluated against a ground truth of over twenty-three hours of movie content drawn from various genres and consistently obtains high precision and recall for all event classes. A user experiment designed to evaluate the usefulness of an event-based structure for both searching and browsing movie archives is also described and the results indicate the usefulness of the proposed approach

Indexing of fictional video content for event detection and summarisation

This paper presents an approach to movie video indexing that utilises audiovisual analysis to detect important and meaningful temporal video segments, that we term events. We consider three event classes, corresponding to dialogues, action sequences, and montages, where the latter also includes musical sequences. These three event classes are intuitive for a viewer to understand and recognise whilst accounting for over 90% of the content of most movies. To detect events we leverage traditional filmmaking principles and map these to a set of computable low-level audiovisual features. Finite state machines (FSMs) are used to detect when temporal sequences of specific features occur. A set of heuristics, again inspired by filmmaking conventions, are then applied to the output of multiple FSMs to detect the required events. A movie search system, named MovieBrowser, built upon this approach is also described. The overall approach is evaluated against a ground truth of over twenty-three hours of movie content drawn from various genres and consistently obtains high precision and recall for all event classes. A user experiment designed to evaluate the usefulness of an event-based structure for both searching and browsing movie archives is also described and the results indicate the usefulness of the proposed approach

Towards Data-Driven Large Scale Scientific Visualization and Exploration

Technological advances have enabled us to acquire extremely large datasets but it remains a challenge to store, process, and extract information from them. This dissertation builds upon recent advances in machine learning, visualization, and user interactions to facilitate exploration of large-scale scientific datasets. First, we use data-driven approaches to computationally identify regions of interest in the datasets. Second, we use visual presentation for effective user comprehension. Third, we provide interactions for human users to integrate domain knowledge and semantic information into this exploration process. Our research shows how to extract, visualize, and explore informative regions on very large 2D landscape images, 3D volumetric datasets, high-dimensional volumetric mouse brain datasets with thousands of spatially-mapped gene expression profiles, and geospatial trajectories that evolve over time. The contribution of this dissertation include: (1) We introduce a sliding-window saliency model that discovers regions of user interest in very large images; (2) We develop visual segmentation of intensity-gradient histograms to identify meaningful components from volumetric datasets; (3) We extract boundary surfaces from a wealth of volumetric gene expression mouse brain profiles to personalize the reference brain atlas; (4) We show how to efficiently cluster geospatial trajectories by mapping each sequence of locations to a high-dimensional point with the kernel distance framework. We aim to discover patterns, relationships, and anomalies that would lead to new scientific, engineering, and medical advances. This work represents one of the first steps toward better visual understanding of large-scale scientific data by combining machine learning and human intelligence

Indexation sémantique des images et des vidéos par apprentissage actif

Le cadre général de cette thèse est l'indexation sémantique et la recherche d'informations, appliquée à des documents multimédias. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons à l'indexation sémantique des concepts dans des images et vidéos par les approches d'apprentissage actif, que nous utilisons pour construire des corpus annotés. Tout au long de cette thèse, nous avons montré que les principales difficultés de cette tâche sont souvent liées, en général, à l'fossé sémantique. En outre, elles sont liées au problème de classe-déséquilibre dans les ensembles de données à grande échelle, où les concepts sont pour la plupart rares. Pour l'annotation de corpus, l'objectif principal de l'utilisation de l'apprentissage actif est d'augmenter la performance du système en utilisant que peu d'échantillons annotés que possible, ainsi minimisant les coûts de l'annotations des données (par exemple argent et temps). Dans cette thèse, nous avons contribué à plusieurs niveaux de l'indexation multimédia et nous avons proposé trois approches qui succèdent des systèmes de l'état de l'art: i) l'approche multi-apprenant (ML) qui surmonte le problème de classe-déséquilibre dans les grandes bases de données, ii) une méthode de reclassement qui améliore l'indexation vidéo, iii) nous avons évalué la normalisation en loi de puissance et de l'APC et a montré son efficacité dans l'indexation multimédia. En outre, nous avons proposé l'approche ALML qui combine le multi-apprenant avec l'apprentissage actif, et nous avons également proposé une méthode incrémentale qui accélère l'approche proposé (ALML). En outre, nous avons proposé l'approche de nettoyage actif, qui aborde la qualité des annotations. Les méthodes proposées ont été tous validées par plusieurs expériences, qui ont été menées et évaluées sur des collections à grande échelle de l'indice de benchmark internationale bien connue, appelés TRECVID. Enfin, nous avons présenté notre système d'annotation dans le monde réel basé sur l'apprentissage actif, qui a été utilisé pour mener les annotations de l'ensemble du développement de la campagne TRECVID en 2011, et nous avons présenté notre participation à la tâche d'indexation sémantique de cette campagne, dans laquelle nous nous sommes classés à la 3ème place sur 19 participants.The general framework of this thesis is semantic indexing and information retrieval, applied to multimedia documents. More specifically, we are interested in the semantic indexing of concepts in images and videos by the active learning approaches that we use to build annotated corpus. Throughout this thesis, we have shown that the main difficulties of this task are often related, in general, to the semantic-gap. Furthermore, they are related to the class-imbalance problem in large scale datasets, where concepts are mostly sparse. For corpus annotation, the main objective of using active learning is to increase the system performance by using as few labeled samples as possible, thereby minimizing the cost of labeling data (e.g. money and time). In this thesis, we have contributed in several levels of multimedia indexing and proposed three approaches that outperform state-of-the-art systems: i) the multi-learner approach (ML) that overcomes the class-imbalance problem in large-scale datasets, ii) a re-ranking method that improves the video indexing, iii) we have evaluated the power-law normalization and the PCA and showed its effectiveness in multimedia indexing. Furthermore, we have proposed the ALML approach that combines the multi-learner with active learning, and also proposed an incremental method that speeds up ALML approach. Moreover, we have proposed the active cleaning approach, which tackles the quality of annotations. The proposed methods were validated through several experiments, which were conducted and evaluated on large-scale collections of the well-known international benchmark, called TrecVid. Finally, we have presented our real-world annotation system based on active learning, which was used to lead the annotations of the development set of TrecVid 2011 campaign, and we have presented our participation at the semantic indexing task of the mentioned campaign, in which we were ranked at the 3rd place out of 19 participants.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF