A secure data outsourcing scheme based on Asmuth – Bloom secret sharing

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Data outsourcing is an emerging paradigm for data management in which a database is provided as a service by third-party service providers. One of the major benefits of offering database as a service is to provide organisations, which are unable to purchase expensive hardware and software to host their databases, with efficient data storage accessible online at a cheap rate. Despite that, several issues of data confidentiality, integrity, availability and efficient indexing of users’ queries at the server side have to be addressed in the data outsourcing paradigm. Service providers have to guarantee that their clients’ data are secured against internal (insider) and external attacks. This paper briefly analyses the existing indexing schemes in data outsourcing and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. Then, this paper proposes a secure data outsourcing scheme based on Asmuth–Bloom secret sharing which tries to address the issues in data outsourcing such as data confidentiality, availability and order preservation for efficient indexing

Combining Histograms and Parametric Curve Fitting for Feedback-Driven Query Result-Size Estimation

This paper aims to improve the accuracy of query result-size estimations in query optimizers by leveraging the dynamic feedback obtained from observations on the executed query workload. To this end, an approximate "synopsis" of data-value distributions is devised that combines histograms with parametric curve fitting, leading to a specific class of linear splines. The approach reconciles the benefits of histograms, simplicity and versatility, with those of parametric techniques especially the adaptivity to statistically biased and dynamically evolving query workloads. The pape

Compact distance histogram: a novel structure to boost k-nearest neighbor queries

The k-Nearest Neighbor query (k-NNq) is one of the most useful similarity queries. Elaborated k-NNq algorithms depend on an initial radius to prune regions of the search space that cannot contribute to the answer. Therefore, estimating a suitable starting radius is of major importance to accelerate k-NNq execution. This paper presents a new technique to estimate a tight initial radius. Our approach, named CDH-kNN, relies on Compact Distance Histograms (CDHs), which are pivot-based histograms defined as piecewise linear functions. Such structures approximate the distance distribution and are compressed according to a given constraint, which can be a desired number of buckets and/or a maximum allowed error. The covering radius of a k-NNq is estimated based on the relationship between the query element and the CDHs' joint frequencies. The paper presents a complete specification of CDH-kNN, including CDH's construction and radii estimation. Extensive experiments on both real and synthetic datasets highlighted the efficiency of our approach, showing that it was up to 72% faster than existing algorithms, outperforming every competitor in all the setups evaluated. In fact, the experiments showed that our proposal was just 20% slower than the theoretical lower bound.FAPESPCNPqCapesSticAMSU

Best Approximation under a Convex Paranorm

We introduce the q-paranorm, investigate some of its properties. We further give an algorithm which constructs the best linear approximations under the q-paranorm

Topics in Massive Data Summarization.

We consider three problems in this thesis. First, we want to construct a nearly workload-optimal histogram. Given B, we want to find the near optimal B bucket histogram under associated workload w within 1 + epsilon error tolerance. In the cash register model where data is streamed as a series of updates, we can build a histogram using polylogarithmic space, polylogarithmic time to process each item, and polylogarithmic post-processing time to build the histogram. All these results need the workload to be explicitly stored since we show that if the workload is summarized in small space lossily, algorithmic results such as above do not exist. Then, we consider the problem of private computation of approximate Heavy Hitters. Alice and Bob each hold a vector and, in the vector sum, they want to find the B largest values along with their indices. We show how to solve the problem privately with polylogarithmic communication, polynomial work and constantly many rounds in the sense that nothing is learned by Alice and Bob beyond what is implied by their input, the ideal top-B output, and goodness of approximation (equivalently,the Euclidean norm of the vector sum). We give lower bounds showing that the Euclidean norm must leak by any efficient algorithm. In the third problem, we want to build a near optimal histogram on probabilistic data streams. Given B, we want to find the near optimal B bucket histogram on probabilistic data streams under both L1 measurement and L2 measurement. We give deterministic algorithms without sampling. We can build histograms using poly-logarithmic space, polylogarithmic time to process each item, and polylogarithmic post-processing time to build the histogram. The result we give under L2 measurement is within 1 + epsilon error tolerance, and the result under L1 measurement is heuristic. We also give a direction to give guarantees to the heuristic.Ph.D.Computer Science & EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60841/1/xuanzh_1.pd

Clustering-Initialized Adaptive Histograms and Probabilistic Cost Estimation for Query Optimization

An assumption with self-tuning histograms has been that they can "learn" the dataset if given enough training queries. We show that this is not the case with the current approaches. The quality of the histogram depends on the initial configuration. Starting with few good buckets can improve the efficiency of learning. Without this, the histogram is likely to stagnate, i.e. converge to a bad configuration and stop learning. We also present a probabilistic cost estimation model

Query estimation techniques in database systems

The effctiveness of query optimization in database systems critically depends on the system';s ability to assess the execution costs of different query execution plans. For this purpose, the sizes and data distributions of the intermediate results generated during plan execution need to be estimated as accurately as possible. This estimation requires the maintenance of statistics on the data stored in the database, which are referred to as data synopses. While the problem of query cost estimation has received significant attention for over a decade, it has remained an open issue in practice, because most previous techniques have focused on singular aspects of the problem such as minimizing the estimation error of a single type of query and a single data distribution, whereas database management systems generally need to support a wide range of queries over a number of datasets. In this thesis I introduce a new technique for query result estimation, which extends existing techniques in that it offers estimation for all combinations of the three major database operators selection, projection, and join. The approach is based on separate and independent approximations of the attribute values contained in a dataset and their frequencies. Through the use of space-filling curves, the approach extends to multi-dimensional data, while maintaining its accuracy and computational properties. The resulting estimation accuracy is competitive with specialized techniques and superior to the histogram techniques currently implemented in commercial database management systems. Because data synopses reside in main memory, they compete for available space with the database cache and query execution buffers. Consequently, the memory available to data synopses needs to be used efficiently. This results in a physical design problem for data synopses, which is to determine the best set of synopses for a given combination of datasets, queries, and available memory. This thesis introduces a formalization of the problem, and efficient algorithmic solutions. All discussed techniques are evaluated with regard to their overhead and resulting estimation accuracy on a variety of synthetic and real-life datasets.Die Effektivität der Anfrage-Optimierung in Datenbanksystemen hängt entscheidend von der Fähigkeit des Systems ab, die Kosten der verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, eine Anfrage auszuführen, abzuschätzen. Zu diesem Zweck ist es nötig, die Größen und Datenverteilungen der Zwischenresultate, die während der Ausführung einer Anfrage generiert werden, so genau wie möglich zu schätzen. Zur Lösung dieses Schätzproblems benötigt man Statistiken über die Daten, welche in dem Datenbanksystem gespeichert werden; diese Statistiken werden auch als Daten Synopsen bezeichnet. Obwohl das Problem der Schätzung von Anfragekosten innerhalb der letzten 10 Jahre intensiv untersucht wurde, gilt es weiterhin als offen, da viele der vorgeschlagenen Ansätze nur einen Teilaspekt des Problems betrachten. In den meisten Fällen wurden Techniken für das Abschätzen eines einzelnen Operators auf einer einzelnen Datenverteilung untersucht, wohingegen Datenbanksysteme in der Praxis eine Vielfalt von Anfragen über diverse Datensätze unterstützen müssen. Aus diesem Grund stellt diese Arbeit einen neuen Ansatz zur Resultatsabschätzung vor, welcher insofern über bestehende Ansätze hinausgeht, als dass er akkurate Abschätzung beliebiger Kombinationen der drei wichtigsten Datenbank-Operatoren erlaubt: Selektion, Projektion und Join. Meine Technik basiert auf separaten und unabhängigen Approximationen der Verteilung der Attributwerte eines Datensatzes und der Verteilung der Häufigkeiten dieser Attributwerte. Durch den Einsatz raumfüllender Kurven können diese Approximationstechniken zudem auf mehrdimensionale Datenverteilungen angewandt werden, ohne ihre Genauigkeit und geringen Berechnungskosten einzubüßen. Die resultierende Schätzgenauigkeit ist vergleichbar mit der von auf einen einzigen Operator spezialisierten Techniken, und deutlich höher als die der auf Histogrammen basierenden Ansätze, welche momentan in kommerziellen Datenbanksystemen eingesetzt werden. Da Daten Synopsen im Arbeitsspeicher residieren, reduzieren sie den Speicher, der für den Seitencache oder Ausführungspuffer zur Verfügung steht. Somit sollte der für Synopsen reservierte Speicher effizient genutzt werden, bzw. möglichst klein sein. Dies führt zu dem Problem, die optimale Kombination von Synopsen für eine gegebene Kombination an Daten, Anfragen und verfügbarem Speicher zu bestimmen. Diese Arbeit stellt eine formale Beschreibung des Problems, sowie effiziente Algorithmen zu dessen Lösung vor. Alle beschriebenen Techniken werden in Hinsicht auf ihren Aufwand und die resultierende Schätzgenauigkeit mittels Experimenten über eine Vielzahl von Datenverteilungen evaluiert

Query estimation techniques in database systems

The effctiveness of query optimization in database systems critically depends on the system\u27;s ability to assess the execution costs of different query execution plans. For this purpose, the sizes and data distributions of the intermediate results generated during plan execution need to be estimated as accurately as possible. This estimation requires the maintenance of statistics on the data stored in the database, which are referred to as data synopses. While the problem of query cost estimation has received significant attention for over a decade, it has remained an open issue in practice, because most previous techniques have focused on singular aspects of the problem such as minimizing the estimation error of a single type of query and a single data distribution, whereas database management systems generally need to support a wide range of queries over a number of datasets. In this thesis I introduce a new technique for query result estimation, which extends existing techniques in that it offers estimation for all combinations of the three major database operators selection, projection, and join. The approach is based on separate and independent approximations of the attribute values contained in a dataset and their frequencies. Through the use of space-filling curves, the approach extends to multi-dimensional data, while maintaining its accuracy and computational properties. The resulting estimation accuracy is competitive with specialized techniques and superior to the histogram techniques currently implemented in commercial database management systems. Because data synopses reside in main memory, they compete for available space with the database cache and query execution buffers. Consequently, the memory available to data synopses needs to be used efficiently. This results in a physical design problem for data synopses, which is to determine the best set of synopses for a given combination of datasets, queries, and available memory. This thesis introduces a formalization of the problem, and efficient algorithmic solutions. All discussed techniques are evaluated with regard to their overhead and resulting estimation accuracy on a variety of synthetic and real-life datasets.Die Effektivität der Anfrage-Optimierung in Datenbanksystemen hängt entscheidend von der Fähigkeit des Systems ab, die Kosten der verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, eine Anfrage auszuführen, abzuschätzen. Zu diesem Zweck ist es nötig, die Größen und Datenverteilungen der Zwischenresultate, die während der Ausführung einer Anfrage generiert werden, so genau wie möglich zu schätzen. Zur Lösung dieses Schätzproblems benötigt man Statistiken über die Daten, welche in dem Datenbanksystem gespeichert werden; diese Statistiken werden auch als Daten Synopsen bezeichnet. Obwohl das Problem der Schätzung von Anfragekosten innerhalb der letzten 10 Jahre intensiv untersucht wurde, gilt es weiterhin als offen, da viele der vorgeschlagenen Ansätze nur einen Teilaspekt des Problems betrachten. In den meisten Fällen wurden Techniken für das Abschätzen eines einzelnen Operators auf einer einzelnen Datenverteilung untersucht, wohingegen Datenbanksysteme in der Praxis eine Vielfalt von Anfragen über diverse Datensätze unterstützen müssen. Aus diesem Grund stellt diese Arbeit einen neuen Ansatz zur Resultatsabschätzung vor, welcher insofern über bestehende Ansätze hinausgeht, als dass er akkurate Abschätzung beliebiger Kombinationen der drei wichtigsten Datenbank-Operatoren erlaubt: Selektion, Projektion und Join. Meine Technik basiert auf separaten und unabhängigen Approximationen der Verteilung der Attributwerte eines Datensatzes und der Verteilung der Häufigkeiten dieser Attributwerte. Durch den Einsatz raumfüllender Kurven können diese Approximationstechniken zudem auf mehrdimensionale Datenverteilungen angewandt werden, ohne ihre Genauigkeit und geringen Berechnungskosten einzubüßen. Die resultierende Schätzgenauigkeit ist vergleichbar mit der von auf einen einzigen Operator spezialisierten Techniken, und deutlich höher als die der auf Histogrammen basierenden Ansätze, welche momentan in kommerziellen Datenbanksystemen eingesetzt werden. Da Daten Synopsen im Arbeitsspeicher residieren, reduzieren sie den Speicher, der für den Seitencache oder Ausführungspuffer zur Verfügung steht. Somit sollte der für Synopsen reservierte Speicher effizient genutzt werden, bzw. möglichst klein sein. Dies führt zu dem Problem, die optimale Kombination von Synopsen für eine gegebene Kombination an Daten, Anfragen und verfügbarem Speicher zu bestimmen. Diese Arbeit stellt eine formale Beschreibung des Problems, sowie effiziente Algorithmen zu dessen Lösung vor. Alle beschriebenen Techniken werden in Hinsicht auf ihren Aufwand und die resultierende Schätzgenauigkeit mittels Experimenten über eine Vielzahl von Datenverteilungen evaluiert

Mining complex data in highly streaming environments

Data is growing at a rapid rate because of advanced hardware and software technologies and platforms such as e-health systems, sensor networks, and social media. One of the challenging problems is storing, processing and transferring this big data in an efficient and effective way. One solution to tackle these challenges is to construct synopsis by means of data summarization techniques. Motivated by the fact that without summarization, processing, analyzing and communicating this vast amount of data is inefficient, this thesis introduces new summarization frameworks with the main goals of reducing communication costs and accelerating data mining processes in different application scenarios. Specifically, we study the following big data summarizaion techniques:(i) dimensionality reduction;(ii)clustering,and(iii)histogram, considering their importance and wide use in various areas and domains. In our work, we propose three different frameworks using these summarization techniques to cover three different aspects of big data:"Volume","Velocity"and"Variety" in centralized and decentralized platforms. We use dimensionality reduction techniques for summarizing large 2D-arrays, clustering and histograms for processing multiple data streams. With respect to the importance and rapid growth of emerging e-health applications such as tele-radiology and tele-medicine that require fast, low cost, and often lossless access to massive amounts of medical images and data over band limited channels,our first framework attempts to summarize streams of large volume medical images (e.g. X-rays) for the purpose of compression. Significant amounts of correlation and redundancy exist across different medical images. These can be extracted and used as a data summary to achieve better compression, and consequently less storage and less communication overheads on the network. We propose a novel memory-assisted compression framework as a learning-based universal coding, which can be used to complement any existing algorithm to further eliminate redundancies/similarities across images. This approach is motivated by the fact that, often in medical applications, massive amounts of correlated images from the same family are available as training data for learning the dependencies and deriving appropriate reference or synopses models. The models can then be used for compression of any new image from the same family. In particular, dimensionality reduction techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) are applied on a set of images from training data to form the required reference models. The proposed memory-assisted compression allows each image to be processed independently of other images, and hence allows individual image access and transmission. In the second part of our work,we investigate the problem of summarizing distributed multidimensional data streams using clustering. We devise a distributed clustering framework, DistClusTree, that extends the centralized ClusTree approach. The main difficulty in distributed clustering is balancing communication costs and clustering quality. We tackle this in DistClusTree through combining spatial index summaries and online tracking for efficient local and global incremental clustering. We demonstrate through extensive experiments the efficacy of the framework in terms of communication costs and approximate clustering quality. In the last part, we use a multidimensional index structure to merge distributed summaries in the form of a centralized histogram as another widely used summarization technique with the application in approximate range query answering. In this thesis, we propose the index-based Distributed Mergeable Summaries (iDMS) framework based on kd-trees that addresses these challenges with data generative models of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). iDMS maintains a global approximate kd-tree at a central site via GMMs or GANs upon new arrivals of streaming data at local sites. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of iDMS against baseline distributed settings in terms of approximation error and communication costs