Two Decades of Colorization and Decolorization for Images and Videos

Colorization is a computer-aided process, which aims to give color to a gray image or video. It can be used to enhance black-and-white images, including black-and-white photos, old-fashioned films, and scientific imaging results. On the contrary, decolorization is to convert a color image or video into a grayscale one. A grayscale image or video refers to an image or video with only brightness information without color information. It is the basis of some downstream image processing applications such as pattern recognition, image segmentation, and image enhancement. Different from image decolorization, video decolorization should not only consider the image contrast preservation in each video frame, but also respect the temporal and spatial consistency between video frames. Researchers were devoted to develop decolorization methods by balancing spatial-temporal consistency and algorithm efficiency. With the prevalance of the digital cameras and mobile phones, image and video colorization and decolorization have been paid more and more attention by researchers. This paper gives an overview of the progress of image and video colorization and decolorization methods in the last two decades.Comment: 12 pages, 19 figure

Spectral methods for multimodal data analysis

Spectral methods have proven themselves as an important and versatile tool in a wide range of problems in the fields of computer graphics, machine learning, pattern recognition, and computer vision, where many important problems boil down to constructing a Laplacian operator and finding a few of its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Classical examples include the computation of diffusion distances on manifolds in computer graphics, Laplacian eigenmaps, and spectral clustering in machine learning. In many cases, one has to deal with multiple data spaces simultaneously. For example, clustering multimedia data in machine learning applications involves various modalities or ``views'' (e.g., text and images), and finding correspondence between shapes in computer graphics problems is an operation performed between two or more modalities. In this thesis, we develop a generalization of spectral methods to deal with multiple data spaces and apply them to problems from the domains of computer graphics, machine learning, and image processing. Our main construction is based on simultaneous diagonalization of Laplacian operators. We present an efficient numerical technique for computing joint approximate eigenvectors of two or more Laplacians in challenging noisy scenarios, which also appears to be the first general non-smooth manifold optimization method. Finally, we use the relation between joint approximate diagonalizability and approximate commutativity of operators to define a structural similarity measure for images. We use this measure to perform structure-preserving color manipulations of a given image

Analysis of laccase-like enzymes secreted by fungi isolated from a cave in northern Spain

[EN] Laccases belong to a family of multicopper enzymes able to oxidize a broad spectrum of organic compounds. Despite the well-known property of laccases to carry out bleaching and degradation of industrial dyes and polyphenolic compounds, their industrial use is often limited by the high cost, low efficiency, or instability of these enzymes. To look for new microorganisms which produce laccases that are potentially suitable for industrial applications, we have isolated several fungal strains from a cave in northern Spain. Their phenotypic analysis on agar plates supplemented with ABTS (2,2 '-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) disclosed two laccase-positive strains. Further genotyping revealed that they belonged to the Gliomastix murorum and Conidiobolus thromboides species. The secretion of G. murorum and C. thromboides laccase-like enzymes was then confirmed by zymography. Further identification of these polypeptides by mass-spectroscopy revealed the nature of the laccases and made it possible to predict their functional domains and other features. In addition, plate assays revealed that the laccases secreted by both G. murorum and C. thromboides were capable of degrading industrial dyes (Congo Red, Indigo, and Eriochrome Black T). Homology modeling and substrate docking predicted the putative structure of the currently uncrystallized G. murorum enzyme as well as its amino acid residues potentially involved in interactions with these dyes. In summary, new biochemical and structural insights into decolorization mediated by G. murorum laccase as well as identification of laccase-like oxidase in C. thromboides point to a promising future for these enzymes in biotechnology.AIOTEK, Grant/Award Number: SPE12UN84; Basque Foundation for Science; Basque Government, Grant/Award Number: PRE-2013-1-90

Serial optical coherence microscopy for label-free volumetric histopathology

The observation of histopathology using optical microscope is an essential procedure for examination of tissue biopsies or surgically excised specimens in biological and clinical laboratories. However, slide-based microscopic pathology is not suitable for visualizing the large-scale tissue and native 3D organ structure due to its sampling limitation and shallow imaging depth. Here, we demonstrate serial optical coherence microscopy (SOCM) technique that offers label-free, high-throughput, and large-volume imaging of ex vivo mouse organs. A 3D histopathology of whole mouse brain and kidney including blood vessel structure is reconstructed by deep tissue optical imaging in serial sectioning techniques. Our results demonstrate that SOCM has unique advantages as it can visualize both native 3D structures and quantitative regional volume without introduction of any contrast agents

Grafting Of poly (2-(dimethylamino) Ethyl Methacrylate) Onto Crosslinked poly(vinyl benzyl Chloride) resin For Removal Of Acidic Dyes

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014Boyalar, su kirliliğine sebep olan önemli maddelerdir ve genelde tekstil, deri, kağıt, plastik, kozmetik, ilaç ve gıda sektörlerinin atık sularında bulunmaktadırlar. Boya atık suları çevresel sulara karışarak su kalitesini düşürür ve insan vücudunda insan sağlığını ciddi şekilde etkileyebilir. Bazı boyalar metabolizma üzerinde mutajenik, teratojenik, ya da kanserojen etki yaratabilir. Çapraz bağlı polimer üzerine aşılanmış lineer polimerler, çözünürlüğü olmaması ve fonksiyonel grup bağlanabilme kolaylığı nedeniyle, çeşitli uygulamalar için bir potansiyele sahiptir. Birçok yüzey modifikasyon metodu geliştirilmesine rağmen, son yıllarda pratik uygulamalar için istenilen özelliklerin sağlanması amacıyla yüzey modifikasyonu sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Gözenekli sentetik polimerik sorbentler (reçine gibi) organik bileşikler için mükemmel adsorbanlardır. Yüksek fizikokimyasal stabilitelerinden ve daha iyi rejenerasyon özelliğinden dolayı, polimerik sorbentler adsorpsiyon uygulalamalarında aktif karbona ticari bir alternatif olmuştur. Atık boyalı suların arıtılmasında reçine-bazlı adsorpsiyon teknolojileri başarılı bir şekilde geliştirilmiştir. Atom Transfer Radikal Polimerizasyonu (ATRP) tekniği, başlatıcı fonksiyonu yüzey ile kovalent bağ yaptığı için, polimer zincirinin yüzeyden büyümesini sağlamaktadır. Süspansiyon polimerizasyonunda başlatıcı, su ortamında dispers olmuş monomer fazında çözünebilmektedir. Genellikle, polimerizasyon serbest radikal polimerizasyonu ile ilerlemektedir. Dispers olan monomer fazının bozulmaması amacıyla küçük miktarda stabilizatör ortama katılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı reçine hazırlanmıştır. 2-(dimetilamino) etil metakrilat (DMAEM) ve etilen glikol dimetakrilat’ın (EGDMA) (10%) süspansiyon polimerizasyon tekniği kullanarak kopolimerizasyonuyla, çapraz bağlı poli(2-(dimetilamino) etil metakrilat) (Reçine 1) elde edilmiştir. Diğer ‘core-shell’ yapısındaki polimerik sorbent (Reçine 2) şu sentetik prokole göre hazırlanmıştır: Çapraz bağlı poli(vinil benzil kolorür) (PVBC) sentezi. Ters atom transfer radikal polimerizasyon tekniğini (ATRP) kullanarak PVBC taneleri üzerine 2-(dimetilamino) etil metakrilat aşılanması. Aşılanma yüzdesi, ağırlık artışı kullanılarak şu eşitlik ile bulunmuştur:                                             GP=[((m_gf-m_0 ))/m_0 ]×100                                      (1) m0 ve mgf tanelerin aşılanma öncesi ve sonrası ağırlıklarıdır ve aşılama yüzdesi  %46 olarak bulunmuştur. Polimerik sorbentler analitik ve spektroskopik yöntemlerle karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen polimerik sorbentler sudan asidik boyaların giderilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada asidik boya olarak Reactive Red, Everzol Black ve Calcon kullanılmıştır. Boya adsorblama denemeleri ile, başlangıç boya konsantrasyonları, pH ve iyonik etkinin değiştirilmesiyle, boya adsorplama kapasiteleri bulunmuştur. Reactive Red için, Reçine 1 ve Reçine 2’nin boya adsorplama kapasiteleri 0.57 ve 0.90 olarak bulunmuştur. Reçine 2’nin boya adsorplama kapasitesini daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun nedeni, Reçine 2’nin aşılama nedeniyle homopolimer gibi davranmasıdır. Ayrıca boya sorpsiyon kinetikleri de bulunmuştur. Kinetik modeller Reçine 1 ve Reçine 2 için uygulanmıştır. Farklı başlangıç boya konsantrasyonlarında adsorpsiyon kinetikleri analizi için 3 kinetik model kullanılmıştır. Bunlar; 1. Derece, 2. Derece ve Molekül İçi Partiküler Difüzyon modelleridir. Lagergren 1. Derece hız eşitliği, çözeltideki çözünenin sorpsiyonu için çok kullanılan eşitliklerden biridir. Bu modelde, adsorplanan konsantrasyonun zamana karşı varyasyonu ile şu ilişki kurulmuştur:                                  log(q_eq/q_(eq -q_t ) )=((k_1×t))/2.303                                    (2) Eşitlikte; k1 1. Derece model için hız sabiti (min-1), qeq ve qt dengedeki ve t zamanındaki adsorpsiyonun miktarını (mg.g-1), t ise zamanı göstermektedir. log(qeq–qt) - t grafiğinin eğim ve kayım değerleri, 1. Derece hız sabiti k1 ve qeq değerini vermektedir. Sorpsiyon kinetikleri kirlilik arıtımı için önemli bir parametredir. Eşitliğin lineer formu, 2. Derece model adsorpsiyon kinetiğini açıklar:                                         t/q_t   =  1/(k_2×q_e2 )  +  1/q_et                                     (3) t/qt – t grafiğinin eğim ve kayım değerlerinden, hız parametreleri olan k2 ve qe hesaplanabilir. 2. Derece model uygunsa, grafik lineerdir ve bu da k2’nin hesaplanmasını olanak verir. Reçine 2 için, ikinci derece sorpsiyon kinetiği Calcon ve Reactive Red boyaları için uygun iken; Everzol Black için intraparticle diffusion model uygun bulunmuştur. Reçine 1 için, Reactive Red boyası için ikinci derece sorpsiyon kinetiği uygundur. Boya yüklü reçineler su-etanol çözeltisinde çözünmüş potasyum hidroksit (KOH) ile rejenere edilmiş ve reçinenin desorpsiyon kapasitesi 0.83 g boya/ g reçine olarak bulunmuştur. Desorpsiyon yüzdesi, oldukça iyi bir değer olan %94 olarak bulunmuştur.Dyes are important water pollutants which are generally present in the effluents of the textile, leather, paper, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foodstuff industries. Dye wastewater discharge into environmental water bodies deteriorates the water quality, and may cause a significant impact on human health due to mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic effects of some dyes or their metabolites  Synthetic porous polymeric sorbents (i.e., resins) are superb adsorbents for organic compounds and, because of their higher physicochemical stabilities and better regeneration properties, have been commercialized as alternatives to activated carbon for adsorption applications. Resin-based adsorption technologies have been successfully developed for removal of dyes from water. In this study, two different sorbents were prepared. Crosslinked poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) Resin (Resin 1) was prepared starting from copolymerization of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEM) and ethylene glycole dimethactrylate (EGDMA)  (10%) by using suspension polymerization method. Other core-shell type polymeric sorbent (Resin 2) was prepared according to the synthetic protocol:  Preparation of crosslinked poly (vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC)  Grafting of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate onto PVBC beads by using inverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).      The grafting percentage (GP) was determined by calculating the percentage increase in weight by using following equation:                                              GP=[((m_gf-m_0 ))/m_0 ]×100                                         (1) where, m0 and mgf are the weights of the beads before and after grafting, respectively and grafting degree was  found as 46 %.  Polymeric sorbents were characterized by using analytical and spectroscopic methods.  Obtained polymeric sorbents were used to remove acidic dyes from water. In this study, Reactive Red, Everzol Black and Calcon were used as acidic dyes. Dye sorption experiments were studied determination of dye sorption capacities depending on initial dye concentrations, pH and ionic strength. According to the results, dye sorption capacities of the Resin 1 and Resin 2 were found as 0.57 and 0.90 g dye / g resin for Reactive Red respectively. Dye sorption capacity of resin 2 is higher than the resin 1. Because,  grafting parts in the Resin 2 behaves like homopolymer. Also, dye sorption kinetics of the resins were investigated. Kinetic models were applied for Resin 1 and Resin 2. Three kinetic models were used to analyze adsorption kinetics at different initial dye concentrations, namely, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The Lagergren first-order rate equation is one of the most widely used equations for the sorption of solute from a liquid solution. For this model, the following relation was used for the variation of adsorbed concentration with respect to time.                                                    log(q_eq/q_(eq -q_t ) )=((k_1×t))/2.303                                (2) where k1 is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order adsorption (min-1) and qeq and qt denote the amounts of adsorption (mg.g-1) at equilibrium and at time t, respectively. The slopes and intercepts of plots of log (qeq – qt) versus t were used to determine the pseudo-first-order rate constant k1 and qeq. The kinetics of sorption are an important aspect of the process control of removal of pollutants. The linear form of the equation describing the adsorption kinetics by the pseudo-second-order model is as follows:                                                   t/q_t   =  1/(k_2×q_e2 )  +  1/q_et                                       (3) The rate parameters k2 and qe can be directly obtained from the intercept and slope of the plot of t/qt versus t. If pseudo-second-order kinetics is applicable, the plot gives a linear relationship which allows computation of k2. If the results were investigated for resin 2, second order sorption kinetic model for Calcon and Rective Red and intraparticular model for Everzol Black are suitable. For resin 1, second order kinetic model for Reactive Red is suitable. Dye sorbed resins were regenerated by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution in water-ethanol. Desorption capacity of the resin was found as 0.83 g dye/ g resin.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

The Fallacies of Intent: Finishing Frank Lloyd Wright\u27s Guggenheim Museum

In the realm of architectural conservation controversies in America in the late-twentieth century, perhaps none created greater or longer discussion than the expansion and restoration of Frank Lloyd Wright\u27s Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City