Unifying discrete and continuous Weyl-Titchmarsh theory via a class of linear Hamiltonian systems on Sturmian time scales

In this study, we are concerned with introducing Weyl-Titchmarsh theory for a class of dynamic linear Hamiltonian nabla systems over a half-line on Sturmian time scales. After developing fundamental properties of solutions and regular spectral problems, we introduce the corresponding maximal and minimal operators for the system. Matrix disks are constructed and proved to be nested and converge to a limiting set. Some precise relationships among the rank of the matrix radius of the limiting set, the number of linearly independent square summable solutions, and the defect indices of the minimal operator are established. Using the above results, a classification of singular dynamic linear Hamiltonian nabla systems is given in terms of the defect indices of the minimal operator, and several equivalent conditions on the cases of limit point and limit circle are obtained, respectively. These results unify and extend certain classic and recent results on the subject in the continuous and discrete cases, respectively, to Sturmian time scales.Comment: 34 page

Dynamic universality class of the QCD critical point

We show that the dynamic universality class of the QCD critical point is that of model H and discuss the dynamic critical exponents. We show that the baryon diffusion rate vanishes at the critical point. The dynamic critical index $z$ is close to 3.Comment: 12 pages. To be published in PRD. Appendix about isospin density added, introduction expande

Flowing in Group Field Theory Space: a Review

We provide a non-technical overview of recent extensions of renormalization methods and techniques to Group Field Theories (GFTs), a class of combinatorially non-local quantum field theories which generalize matrix models to dimension $d \geq 3$. More precisely, we focus on GFTs with so-called closure constraint, which are closely related to lattice gauge theories and quantum gravity spin foam models. With the help of recent tensor model tools, a rich landscape of renormalizable theories has been unravelled. We review our current understanding of their renormalization group flows, at both perturbative and non-perturbative levels

Exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of learning in deep linear neural networks

Despite the widespread practical success of deep learning methods, our theoretical understanding of the dynamics of learning in deep neural networks remains quite sparse. We attempt to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of deep learning by systematically analyzing learning dynamics for the restricted case of deep linear neural networks. Despite the linearity of their input-output map, such networks have nonlinear gradient descent dynamics on weights that change with the addition of each new hidden layer. We show that deep linear networks exhibit nonlinear learning phenomena similar to those seen in simulations of nonlinear networks, including long plateaus followed by rapid transitions to lower error solutions, and faster convergence from greedy unsupervised pretraining initial conditions than from random initial conditions. We provide an analytical description of these phenomena by finding new exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of deep learning. Our theoretical analysis also reveals the surprising finding that as the depth of a network approaches infinity, learning speed can nevertheless remain finite: for a special class of initial conditions on the weights, very deep networks incur only a finite, depth independent, delay in learning speed relative to shallow networks. We show that, under certain conditions on the training data, unsupervised pretraining can find this special class of initial conditions, while scaled random Gaussian initializations cannot. We further exhibit a new class of random orthogonal initial conditions on weights that, like unsupervised pre-training, enjoys depth independent learning times. We further show that these initial conditions also lead to faithful propagation of gradients even in deep nonlinear networks, as long as they operate in a special regime known as the edge of chaos.Comment: Submission to ICLR2014. Revised based on reviewer feedbac

Nonintegrability, Chaos, and Complexity

Two-dimensional driven dissipative flows are generally integrable via a conservation law that is singular at equilibria. Nonintegrable dynamical systems are confined to n*3 dimensions. Even driven-dissipative deterministic dynamical systems that are critical, chaotic or complex have n-1 local time-independent conservation laws that can be used to simplify the geometric picture of the flow over as many consecutive time intervals as one likes. Those conserevation laws generally have either branch cuts, phase singularities, or both. The consequence of the existence of singular conservation laws for experimental data analysis, and also for the search for scale-invariant critical states via uncontrolled approximations in deterministic dynamical systems, is discussed. Finally, the expectation of ubiquity of scaling laws and universality classes in dynamics is contrasted with the possibility that the most interesting dynamics in nature may be nonscaling, nonuniversal, and to some degree computationally complex

General Relativity solutions in modified gravity

Recent gravitational wave observations of binary black hole mergers and a binary neutron star merger by LIGO and Virgo Collaborations associated with its optical counterpart constrain deviation from General Relativity (GR) both on strong-field regime and cosmological scales with high accuracy, and further strong constraints are expected by near-future observations. Thus, it is important to identify theories of modified gravity that intrinsically possess the same solutions as in GR among a huge number of theories. We clarify the three conditions for theories of modified gravity to allow GR solutions, i.e., solutions with the metric satisfying the Einstein equations in GR and the constant profile of the scalar fields. Our analysis is quite general, as it applies a wide class of single-/multi-field scalar-tensor theories of modified gravity in the presence of matter component, and any spacetime geometry including cosmological background as well as spacetime around black hole and neutron star, for the latter of which these conditions provide a necessary condition for no-hair theorem. The three conditions will be useful for further constraints on modified gravity theories as they classify general theories of modified gravity into three classes, each of which possesses i) unique GR solutions (i.e., no-hair cases), ii) only hairy solutions (except the cases that GR solutions are realized by cancellation between singular coupling functions in the Euler-Lagrange equations), and iii) both GR and hairy solutions, for the last of which one of the two solutions may be selected dynamically.Comment: 9 pages; version to appear in Phys.Lett.

Singularities and Quantum Gravity

Although there is general agreement that a removal of classical gravitational singularities is not only a crucial conceptual test of any approach to quantum gravity but also a prerequisite for any fundamental theory, the precise criteria for non-singular behavior are often unclear or controversial. Often, only special types of singularities such as the curvature singularities found in isotropic cosmological models are discussed and it is far from clear what this implies for the very general singularities that arise according to the singularity theorems of general relativity. In these lectures we present an overview of the current status of singularities in classical and quantum gravity, starting with a review and interpretation of the classical singularity theorems. This suggests possible routes for quantum gravity to evade the devastating conclusion of the theorems by different means, including modified dynamics or modified geometrical structures underlying quantum gravity. The latter is most clearly present in canonical quantizations which are discussed in more detail. Finally, the results are used to propose a general scheme of singularity removal, quantum hyperbolicity, to show cases where it is realized and to derive intuitive semiclassical pictures of cosmological bounces.Comment: 41 pages, lecture course at the XIIth Brazilian School on Cosmology and Gravitation, September 200

Equilibrium and out of equilibrium phase transitions in systems with long range interactions and in 2D flows

In self-gravitating stars, two dimensional or geophysical flows and in plasmas, long range interactions imply a lack of additivity for the energy; as a consequence, the usual thermodynamic limit is not appropriate. However, by contrast with many claims, the equilibrium statistical mechanics of such systems is a well understood subject. In this proceeding, we explain briefly the classical approach to equilibrium and non equilibrium statistical mechanics for these systems, starting from first principles. We emphasize recent and new results, mainly a classification of equilibrium phase transitions, new unobserved equilibrium phase transition, and out of equilibrium phase transitions. We briefly discuss what we consider as challenges in this field

Primordial brusque bounce in Born-Infeld determinantal gravity

We study a particular exact solution to the Born-Infeld determinantal gravity consisting of a cosmological model which undergoes a brusque bounce. The latter consists of an event characterized by a non-null (but finite) value of the squared Hubble rate occurring at a minimum (non-null) scale factor. The energy density and pressure of the fluid covering the whole manifold are perfectly well behaved in such an event, but the curvature invariants turn out to be undefined there because of the undefined character of the time derivative of H. It is shown that the spacetime results geodesically complete and singularity free, and that it corresponds to a picture of an eternal Universe in which a (somewhat unconventional) bounce replaces the standard Big Bang singularity. This example tends to emphasize that, beyond Einstein's theory of General Relativity, and in the context of extended theories of gravity formulated by purely torsional means, the criterion of a singularity based on pathologies of scalars constructed upon the Riemann curvature tensor, becomes objectionable.Comment: 8 pages, one figure. Typos corrected, some references added and updated. Final version to appear in Phys. Rev.