Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Exploratory Outcomes in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study.

We report results from a multicenter, randomized clinical trial (N=535) of the effect of ω-3 supplementation, relative to placebo, on exploratory and minimally invasive outcome measures for moderate to severe dry eye disease

Effects of task duration, display curvature, and presbyopia on physiological and perceived visual fatigue for 27??? desktop monitors

Department of Human and Systems EngineeringWith the advancement of display technologies, more diverse display products are available around us. VDT (Visual Display Terminal) tasks are, however, associated with various visual fatigue symptoms that can reduce work efficiency and task performance. Such results can be more severe for older individuals with diminished visual abilities, which typically start around the age of 40. However, studies on visual fatigue of older individuals are relatively fewer than those for younger individuals. Though, proper work-rest schedules are deemed to reduce visual fatigue, workers have difficulty in taking rest breaks due to many reasons. It is expected that a real-time rest reminder will be effective because the time to onset of visual fatigue can vary as visual fatigue is affected by many factors including individual and task characteristics. Curved displays provide relatively even viewing distances across their display surface for the center viewer than flat displays, which could benefit viewing experience while reducing visual fatigue. Indeed, some studies on display curvature demonstrated that curved displays are more effective than flat displays in terms of task performance, visual fatigue, and preference. Previously, various physiological measures (e.g. accommodation amplitude and near point accommodation) were considered as indices of visual fatigue. Using these measures to predict visual fatigue in daily life are, however, not practical because of difficulties in measuring and/or needs for high-cost equipment. The aims of the current study were 1) to examine the effects of task duration, display curvature, and presbyopia on physiological and perceived visual fatigue and display satisfaction associated with performing proofreading tasks on 27??? displays, and 2) to develop a prediction model for visual fatigue using pupil- and bulbar conjunctiva-related measurements which can be easily obtained in daily life. A total of 64 participants (32 for each age group) performed a 1-hr proofreading task. The current study considered task duration (within-subjects0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min), display curvature (between-subjects600mm, 1140mm, 4000mm, and flat) and age group [between-subjectsyounger (20-35 yrs) and older (45-60 yrs)] as independent variables. Pupil diameter, bulbar conjunctival redness, perceived visual fatigue [measured in ECQ (Eye Complaint Questionnaire) scores], and display satisfaction were obtained every 15 minutes, while CFF (Critical Fusion Frequency) was obtained pre and post the 1-hr proofreading task. The rear-projection environment was comprised of 27??? curved rear screens, a beam projector, and the Warpalizer software. Environmental factors that can affect visual fatigue were controlled. An eye tracking system, a digital camera, and a flicker fusion system were used to measure physiological measures of visual fatigue, and a series of questionnaires were used to measure perceived visual fatigue and satisfaction of display. 3-way ANOVA was used to examine how 3 independent variables and their interactions affected each of 5 dependent variables. Four methods were considered in developing prediction models for visual fatigue and display satisfaction, and the developed models were compared in terms of predictive accuracy. The results showed that over the 1-hr task, pupil diameters decreased (5.1%), bulbar conjunctival redness increased (18.8%), CFF thresholds decreased (0.94%), and ECQ scores increased (207%), all indicating an increase in visual fatigue. Even with a 15 min of VDT task, visual fatigue increased significantly. At the 1140mm curvature, pupil diameters were the largest, indicating less visual fatigue, and the display satisfaction of the older group, though not significant, gradually increased over the 1-hr task, indicating a less increase in visual fatigue. Display satisfaction was not affected by any independent variables. In terms of predictive accuracy of visual fatigue, the artificial neural network model was the best followed by the 3rd degree polynomial regression model. The results of this study can be utilized when scheduling work-rest, determining a better display curvature for 27??? displays, and predicting visual fatigue in real time to notify the time to take a rest.ope

Development of Novel Techniques for Measuring Bulbar Conjunctival Red Blood Cell Velocity, Oximetry and Redness

Introduction The ocular surface provides a unique opportunity to study hemodynamics since the vessels can be visualized directly, without treatment and non-invasively. The availability of instruments to measure various hemodynamic parameters on the ocular surface in an objective manner are lacking. The quantification of red blood cell velocity, blood oxygen saturation and conjunctival redness on the ocular surface using novel, validated techniques has the potential of providing useful information about vascular physiology. The specific aims of each chapter are as follows: Chapter 3: The objective was to design, develop and validate a system that would non-invasively quantify the red blood cell velocity in the conjunctival vessels. A tool was developed to automatically analyze video sequences of conjunctival vessels, digitally imaged with high enough magnification to resolve movement of the blood within the vessel. Chapter 4: The objective was to: a) design and develop a method in order to non-invasively quantify the changes in blood oxygen saturation (SO2) in the conjunctival vessels and demonstrate reliability of the measures and, b) demonstrate the application of the method by showing a response to an isocapnic hyperoxic provocation and compare those values to the results from a valid instrument. Chapter 5: The aim of this experiment was to examine variations in ocular redness levels, red blood cell velocities and oxygen saturation levels over time in clinically healthy participants and also to compare differences between two age groups. Chapter 6: The aim of this experiment was to examine the ocular redness levels, red blood cell velocities and oxygen saturation levels in clinically healthy participants when a topical ophthalmic decongestant was instilled onto the eye and to demonstrate the validity of the use of two novel techniques. Chapter 7: The aim of this experiment was to examine ocular redness, red blood cell velocity and oxygen saturation in participants who were habitual soft contact lens wearers (study) compared to those that did not (control) and also to compare differences in silicone (SH) and non-silicone hydrogel wearers. Methods Chapter 3: Simulations representing moving RBCs within a vessel and the random variation of each cell in terms of speed, shape and intensity were created in order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. For each vessel, a signal that correlated to blood cell position was extracted from each frame, and the inter-frame displacement was estimated through a modified dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm. This provided the red blood cell velocity over time in each point of the vessels. Thus, from these estimates, the mean red blood cell velocity for each vessel was easily evaluated. The true mean velocity from the simulation with the one estimated by the algorithm was compared and the system accuracy was determined. Chapter 4: a) Conjunctival vessels were imaged with two narrow-band interference filters with O2-sensitive and O2-insensitive peak transmissions using a Zeiss slit lamp at 32x magnification. Optical densities were calculated from vascular segments using the average reflected intensities inside and outside the vessels. Optical density ratios were used to calculate relative oxygen saturation values. Video images of the bulbar conjunctiva were recorded at three times of the day. Measurement repeatability was assessed over location at each time and across consecutive frames. b) Subjects initially breathed air for 10 minutes followed by pure oxygen (O2) for 20 minutes, and then air for a final 10 minute period using a sequential re-breathing circuit. Simultaneously, SO2 values measured with a pulse oximeter ear clip and finger clip were recorded. The validity of the dual wavelength method was demonstrated by comparing the values to those from the ear clip pulse oximeter. Chapter 5: Participants attended eight separate visits over the course of a day. Levels of bulbar conjunctival redness, red blood cell velocity and blood oxygen saturation were measured on a vessel of interest. Chapter 6: Participants attended three separate visits during an allotted 60 minute session. Bulbar conjunctival redness, red blood cell velocity and blood oxygen saturation were measured on a vessel of interest, pre-insertion, just after insertion and, 10 minutes after insertion of a topical ocular decongestant. Significant differences between the three measures were assessed and correlations between the three parameters were reported. Chapter 7: Participants were measured 8 times over the course of a day with their contact lenses in place. Bulbar conjunctival redness, red blood cell velocity and blood oxygen saturation were measured. Results Chapter 3: Results for the simulated videos demonstrated a very good concordance between the estimated and actual velocities supporting its validity. The mean relative error for the modified Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) method is 6%. Chapter 4: The intraclass correlations (ICCs) between the three locations at each time point were 0.93, 0.56 and 0.86 respectively. Measurements across 5 consecutive frames showed no significant difference for all subjects (ICC = 0.96). The ICCs between the two methods at each time point were 0.45, 0.10 and 0.11 respectively. a) There was no significant difference in SO2 between the three locations measured using the dual wavelength method for all subjects. There was also no significant difference between the three locations at any of the time points for the dual wavelength method. b) In response to isocapnic hyperoxic provocation using the dual wavelength method, blood oxygen saturation was increased from control values and subsequently recovered after withdrawal of hyperoxia. Blood oxygen saturation values recorded from the ear clip and finger clip of the pulse oximeter also showed an increase from control values and subsequently recovered after withdrawal of hyperoxia. SO2 comparison between the dual wavelength method and the ear-clip pulse oximeter method did not show a significant difference. The interaction between the two methods and time on SO2 was not significant. Chapter 5: From baseline, the group mean redness and oxygen saturation did not change significantly over time. There was a significant difference in the group mean red blood cell velocity values over time. There was no significant difference between age strata for all three measures. Chapter 6: After drop instillation redness values decreased significantly. There was no change in red blood cell velocity and oxygen saturation over time. There was a moderate significant correlation between SO2 and red blood cell velocity just after drop insertion. Chapter 7: When comparing the study and control groups, no significant difference in redness or SO2 over time was found. RBC velocity over time was found to be significantly different between groups. When comparing the two study groups (SH vs. hydrogel) no significant difference across either measure over time was found. Conclusions Chapter 3: Signal displacement estimation through the DTW algorithm can be used to estimate mean red blood cell velocity. Successful application of the algorithm in the estimation of RBC velocity in conjunctival vessels was demonstrated. Chapter 4: The application of the dual wavelength method was demonstrated and optical density ratios can be used in a reliable manner for relative oxygen saturation measurements. This valid method promises to enable the study of conjunctival O2 saturation under various experimental and physiological conditions. Chapter 5: The results of this study support the theory of metabolic regulation. The lack of any significant change across time for redness and oxygen saturation along with significant changes in red blood cell velocity substantiates this notion. Chapter 6: This study supports the literature regarding metabolic regulation of the microvasculature during the use of various stimuli. The results demonstrated that oxygen saturation levels remain stable even when a significant decrease in ocular redness is measured. The novel techniques used in this experiment demonstrated the expected action of the decongestant further contributing to their application and validity. Chapter 7: In summary, the participants in the study group were habitual contact lens wearers that had lower RBC velocities when compared to the control group supporting the notion that contact lenses initiate a hypoxic response. The lack of change in SO2 in either group supports the theory of metabolic regulation

The Investigation of Tear Film Osmolality as a Clinical Instrument Used in Assessments of the Tear Film and Dry Eye Disease

Introduction: Tear film osmolality is a product of the varying concentrations of dissolved solutes (proteins, lipids and mucins) in the tear fluid. Research suggests that a hyperosmotic tear film is a trait common to all forms of dry eye, and it may be the driving force causing the discomfort, ocular surface damage and inflammation found in both evaporative and tear deficient forms of dry eye disease. Tear film osmolality has been proposed to be the “gold standard” diagnostic test for the evaluation of dry eye disease, as a distinct separation between tear film osmolalities in normal and dry-eyed (aqueous deficient or evaporative) populations has become evident. Historically, tear film osmolality could only be measured in a laboratory setting and required a highly skilled technician to use the instrumentation. The recent development of easy-to-use, small volume osmometers has made it possible for tear film osmolality to be measured clinically. As these instruments are quite new, there has been very little research completed with them. Therefore, a series of studies was conducted to investigate the utility of one of these new osmometers – the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer. The specific aims of each chapter were: - Chapter 3: To determine if the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer was capable of quantitatively measuring tear film osmolality in a normal population, using 0.5μL tear samples. - Chapter 4: Previous studies have shown the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer not significantly different from another commercially available osmometer (Wescor Vapor Pressure Osmometer) for the measurement of human tears. This chapter examined the repeatability of the new instrument over multiple measurements on the same sample and over multiple days. - Chapter 5: To determine if tear film osmolality values varied significantly over the course of a normal working day in a population that was primarily free from symptoms of dry eye. - Chapter 6: To investigate the relationships between tear film osmolality and other commonly used clinical tests for dry eye disease. The clinical tests examined included various questionnaires designed to assess patient symptoms (Single Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (SIDEQ), the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and the McMonnies Dry Eye Questionnaire (MMDEQ) and a linear analogue comfort scale (LACS)), a non-invasive tear break-up time test (NIBUT), and examination of ocular surface redness and tear ferning (TF). Secondarily to determine if the other clinical tests demonstrated significant diurnal variations over the course of a normal working day. - Chapter 7: To measure tear film osmolality in a population with mild to moderate symptoms of dry eye disease, and to compare this value with the osmolality of a population of age-matched controls without the disease. Secondarily, to investigate the relationship between tear film osmolality and patient comfort in a population with mild to moderate symptoms of dry eye disease. Methods: - Chapter 3: Tears were collected from 40 volunteer participants with a capillary tube. Some participants were non-contact lens wearers (Non-CL), while others wore either soft or rigid contact lenses (CL). Tear film osmolality was measured with the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer. - Chapter 4: Tears were collected from 10 volunteer participants using two different collection techniques. Collections were repeated on three separate days (6 study visits total); three osmolality measurements per collection were taken using the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre osmometer. - Chapter 5: Tears were collected from 40 volunteer participants in two separate studies (n=80 in total). Tears were collected with a capillary tube three times a day (morning, mid-day and afternoon), on two separate days (6 study visits total). Tear film osmolality was measured with the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer. - Chapter 6: Clinical tests were administered and tear samples were collected using a capillary tube from 40 volunteer participants. Measurements were taken three times a day (morning, mid-day and afternoon), on two separate days (6 study visits total). Tear film osmolality was measured with the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer. - Chapter 7: Participants were classified as either having dry eye disease (DE) or not having dry eye disease (NDE) based on a clinical examination that included a case history, phenol red thread test and biomicroscopy (white light and sodium fluorescein assessment). Tear samples were then collected from all participants using a capillary tube and tear film osmolality was measured with the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer. Participants also completed the SIDEQ, the OSDI, and the MMDEQ. Results: - Chapter 3: The mean tear film osmolality of the population was 298.7±11.4mOsm/Kg. CL wear (soft or rigid) did not appear to have a significant effect on tear film osmolality (CL: 298.5±11.2mOsm/Kg vs. Non-CL: 298.9±11.5mOsm/Kg), although this study was not designed to specifically look at the effects of contact lens wear on tear film osmolality. - Chapter 4: There was reasonably good concordance between measurements of tear film osmolality taken with the Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer (intraclass correlations range from 0.6497 (F= 0.0582) to 0.9550 (F = 0.5893)). Repeatability appeared to be affected by significant changes in ambient humidity (>10% per day). Concordance was similar with both sampling techniques. - Chapter 5: In the first study, no significant diurnal change in tear film osmolality was found (p>0.05), although a significant difference in measurements taken on Day 1 compared to Day 2 was found (p=0.040). When the first and last 10 participants enrolled were compared, the difference between days was present in the first 10 participants, but not in the last 10; it is likely that the investigator underwent a learning process during the period of the study, and that reflex tearing occurred more often in the early portion of the study compared with the latter portion. In the second study, no significant diurnal change in tear film osmolality was found (p>0.05) and no significant difference in measurements taken on Day 1 compared to Day 2 was found (p>0.05). When tear film osmolality was compared with the number of hours participants were awake, no significant correlation was found (r = 0.07044). - Chapter 6: Significant correlations were not found between tear film osmolality and SIDEQ (r = 0.1347), OSDI (r = 0.0331), MMDEQ (r = 0.2727), LACS (r = -0.1622), NIBUT (r = -0.2280), subjectively graded redness (r=-0.2280), or objectively measured redness (r = 0.1233). A weakly significant correlation was found between TF and tear film osmolality (r = 0.3978). None of the clinical measures (LACS, NIBUT, subjective or objective redness or TF) varied significantly over the course of the day. - Chapter 7: Tear film osmolality was higher in both the right (DE = 311.1±12.4mOsm/Kg, NDE = 306.2±11.2mOsm/Kg) and left eyes (DE = 313.2±11.9mOsm/Kg, NDE = 304.0±7.5mOsm/Kg) of participants, but the difference was only statistically significant in the left eye. Tear film osmolality did not correlate significantly with DE patient symptoms using any of the questionnaires (SIDEQ, OSDI, MMDEQ). Conclusions: - Chapter 3: The Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer appeared to be capable of measuring tear film osmolality in a normal population. Our population mean was slightly lower than what is reported to be normal (305mOsm/Kg), but it still fell within the range of values reported as normal (297 – 318mOsm/Kg). - Chapter 4: The Advanced Instruments Model 3100 Nanolitre Osmometer demonstrated reasonably good repeatability for the measurement of human tear samples. Unfortunately, the instrumentation appeared to be affected by dramatic weather changes. Maintaining the instrument in a humidity controlled environment may resolve this problem. - Chapter 5: Tear film osmolality did not appear to vary significantly over a normal working day. Inducing reflex tearing, perhaps with an unskilled investigator collecting the tears, can be a significant source of error (as demonstrated in the first study). - Chapter 6: Tear film osmolality did not correlate well with other clinical instruments designed to assess either patient symptoms or signs of dry eye disease in a normal population. Tear film osmolality and tear ferning did demonstrate a weakly significant positive correlation. None of the clinical measures assessed demonstrated a significant diurnal variation over the course of a normal working day. - Chapter 7: Tear film osmolality appeared to be higher in participants with mild to moderate symptoms of dry eye when compared with age matched, asymptomatic controls. Tear film osmolality did not correlate well with patient symptoms in a population of mild to moderate severe dry eyed individuals

Anterior eye health recording.

AIMS: To survey eye care practitioners from around the world regarding their current practice for anterior eye health recording to inform guidelines on best practice. METHODS: The on-line survey examined the reported use of: word descriptions, sketching, grading scales or photographs; paper or computerised record cards and whether these were guided by proforma headings; grading scale choice, signs graded, level of precision, regional grading; and how much time eye care practitioners spent on average on anterior eye health recording. RESULTS: Eight hundred and nine eye care practitioners from across the world completed the survey. Word description (p<0.001), sketches (p=0.002) and grading scales (p<0.001) were used more for recording the anterior eye health of contact lens patients than other patients, but photography was used similarly (p=0.132). Of the respondents, 84.5% used a grading scale, 13.5% using two, with the original Efron (51.6%) and CCLRU/Brien-Holden-Vision-Institute (48.5%) being the most popular. The median features graded was 11 (range 1-23), frequency from 91.6% (bulbar hyperaemia) to 19.6% (endothelial blebs), with most practitioners grading to the nearest unit (47.4%) and just 14.7% to one decimal place. The average time taken to report anterior eye health was reported to be 6.8±5.7 min, with the maximum time available 14.0±11 min. CONCLUSIONS: Developed practice and research evidence allows best practice guidelines for anterior eye health recording to be recommended. It is recommended to: record which grading scale is used; always grade to one decimal place, record what you see live rather than based on how you intend to manage a condition; grade bulbar and limbal hyperaemia, limbal neovascularisation, conjunctival papillary redness and roughness (in white light to assess colouration with fluorescein instilled to aid visualisation of papillae/follicles), blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction and sketch staining (both corneal and conjunctival) at every visit. Record other anterior eye features only if they are remarkable, but indicate that the key tissue which have been examined

L’infestation palpébrale et faciale au Demodex folliculorum

Le Demodex folliculorum [D. folliculorum] est l’ectoparasite le plus fréquent dans les follicules des cils et de la peau. Son rôle précis dans la microflore n’est pas encore déterminé, mais il semble agir comme un commensal. Par contre, lorsque sa quantité dépasse un certain seuil, il devient pathogénique. Son infestation est associée à une blépharite antérieure et/ou postérieure, une sécheresse oculaire et plusieurs types d’affectation du visage tels que l’acné rosacée. Comme il peut se retrouver autant dans les paupières que la peau du visage, cela suggère qu’une infestation palpébrale pourrait être associée à une plus grande densité faciale dudit parasite. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, des participants ayant diverses sévérités de blépharite antérieure à D. folliculorum ont été recrutés. Une épilation de cils infestés a été effectuée, permettant un décompte des parasites. D’un autre côté, l’infestation faciale a été évaluée par une biopsie superficielle standardisée de la peau du front, prélevant ainsi quelques couches de l’épiderme superficiel et le contenu des follicules pileux. L’analyse des résultats révèle que la présence d’une blépharite à D. folliculorum est associée à une densité faciale du parasite au-delà du seuil de normalité. De plus, le degré d’érythème facial augmente avec la sévérité de l’infestation des paupières et du visage. Certains signes et symptômes oculaires sont aussi affectés par la présence de la blépharite. Par exemple, on retrouve une réduction de la hauteur du ménisque lacrymal et une augmentation des yeux larmoyants lors d’une infestation légère à modérée, de même qu’une augmentation de la sensation de picotement à la bordure des paupières en présence d’une infestation sévère. En conclusion, comme les infestations faciale et palpébrale sont concomitantes, autant les professionnels de la vue que les dermatologistes doivent être impliqués dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge de cette condition. Une approche multidisciplinaire serait certainement bénéfique pour les individus atteints.Demodex folliculorum [D. folliculorum] is the most common ectoparasite in the eyelash and skin follicles. Its precise role in the microflora is not yet determined, but it seems to act as a commensal. However, when its quantity exceeds a certain threshold, it becomes pathogenic. Its infestation is associated with anterior and/or posterior blepharitis, dry eye disease and several types of facial conditions such as rosacea. Since D. folliculorum can be found as much in the lids as in the facial skin, this suggests that a palpebral infestation may be associated with a higher facial mite density. To verify this hypothesis, participants with various severities of D. folliculorum blepharitis were recruited. The epilation of infested lashes was performed, to assess mite counts. The facial infestation was quantified by a standardized skin-surface biopsy of the forehead, thus extracting a few layers of the superficial epidermis and the content of the hair follicles. The results revealed that the presence of Demodex blepharitis is associated with a facial mite density beyond the normal threshold. In addition, the degree of facial erythema increases with the severity of palpebral and facial infestations. Some ocular signs and symptoms are also affected by the presence of Demodex blepharitis. For example, a mild to moderate infestation is associated with a tear meniscus height reduction as well as more watery eyes, and a severe infestation with increased itching along the lids. In conclusion, since facial and palpebral infestations are concomitant, both eye care professionals and dermatologists should be involved in the diagnosis and management of this common parasite. In addition, a multidisciplinary approach would ultimately benefit the affected individuals

The effect of scleral search coil lens wear on the eye

BACKGROUND/AIM Scleral search coils are used to measure eye movements. A recent abstract suggests that the coil can affect the eye by decreasing visual acuity, increasing intraocular pressure, and damaging the corneal and conjunctival surface. Such findings, if repeated in all subjects, would cast doubt on the credibility of the search coil as a reliable investigative technique. The aim of this study was to reassess the effect of the scleral search coil on visual function. METHODS Six volunteer subjects were selected to undergo coil wear and baseline measurements were taken of logMAR visual acuity, non-contact tonometry, keratometry, and slit lamp examination. Four drops of 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride were instilled before insertion of the lens by an experienced clinician. The lens then remained on the eye for 30 minutes. Measurements of the four ocular health parameters were repeated after 15 and 30 minutes of lens wear. The lens was then removed and the health of the eye reassessed. RESULTS No obvious pattern of change was found in logMAR visual acuity, keratometry, or intraocular pressure. The lens did produce changes to the conjunctival and corneal surfaces, but this was not considered clinically significant. CONCLUSION Search coils do not appear to cause any significant effects on visual function. However, thorough prescreening of subjects and post-wear checks should be carried out on all coil wearers to ensure no adverse effects have been caused

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE UNTUK DETEKSI ANEMIA SECARA NON-INVASIF MELALUI KONJUNGTIVA MATA BERBASIS PENGOLAHAN CITRA DIGITAL

Anemia dapat dideteksi melalui darah menggunakan alat Hemoglobin meter (Hb meter) yang bersifat invasif karena sampel darah didapatkan melalui penusukan menggunakan jarum. Selain itu, anemia dapat dideteksi menggunakan metode alternatif yang bersifat non-invasif dengan mengamati kondisi klinis yang dapat dilihat berdasarkan kepucatan pada konjungtiva mata, lidah, telapak tangan, dan kuku. Tugas akhir ini mendeteksi anemia berdasarkan kepucatan pada konjungtiva mata sebagai metode non-invasif melalui citra digital menggunakan Support Vector Machine (SVM) dan menggunakan citra Red, Green, dan Blue (RGB), citra Hue, Saturation, dan Value (HSV), dan citra Grayscale dengan format *.png, serta mengambil nilai parameter mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, dan entropy sebagai ekstraksi ciri. Klasifikasi citra yang digunakan adalah metode Support Vector Machine (SVM) menggunakan aplikasi MATLAB. Dalam upaya mencapai akurasi terbaik, variabel pengujian yang diteliti menggunakan variabel kombinasi antara parameter dan kernel SVM (kernel RBF, linear, dan polynomial). Secara keseluruhan dengan menggunakan metode klasifikasi SVM pada deteksi anemia, berhasil diperoleh akurasi tertinggi sebesar 72.9167% menggunakan kernel RBF dengan waktu komputasi 0.762 detik dan jumlah data latih 35 buah dan data uji 48 buah