Improving gender classification with feature selection in forensic anthropology

Gender classification has been one of the most vital tasks in a real world problem especially when it comes to death investigations. Developing a biological profile of an individual is a crucial step in forensic anthropology process as for the identification of gender. Forensic anthropologists employ the principle of skeleton remains to produce a biological profile. Different parts of skeleton contains different features that will contribute to gender classification. However, not all the features could contribute to gender classification and affect to a low accuracy of gender classification. Therefore, feature selection method is applied to identify the most significant features for gender classification. This paper presents the implementation of feature selection approaches which are Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Harmony Search (HS) algorithm using three different dataset from Goldman Osteometric Dataset, Osteological Collection and George Murray Black Collection. All three dataset contains 4081 samples of metrics measurement and have gone through the process of classification by using Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Naïve Bayes classifier. The main scope of this paper is to identify the effect of feature selection towards gender classification. The result shows that the accuracy of gender classification for every dataset increased when feature selection is applied to the dataset. Among all the skeleton parts in this experiment, clavicle part achieved the highest increment of accuracy rate which is from 89.76% to 96.06% for PSO algorithm and 96.32% for HS

Convolutional Neural Network Model for Sex Determination Using Femur Bones

Forensic anthropology is the critical discipline that applies physical anthropology in forensic education. One valuable application is the identification of the biological profile. However, in the aftermath of significant disasters, the identification of human skeletons becomes challenging due to their incompleteness and difficulty determining sex. Researchers have explored alternative indicators to address this issue, including using the femur bone as a reliable sex identifier. The development of artificial intelligence has created a new field called deep learning that has excelled in various applications, including sex determination using the femur bone. In this study, we employ the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method to identify the sex of human skeleton shards. A CNN model was trained on 91 CT-scan results of femur bones collected from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, comprising 50 female and 41 male patients. The data pre-processing involves cropping, and the dataset is divided into training and validation subsets with varying percentages (60:4, 70:30, and 80:20). The constructed CNN architecture exhibits exceptional accuracy, achieving 100% accuracy in both training and validation data. Moreover, the precision, recall, and F1 score attained a perfect score of 1, validating the model's precise predictions. The results of this research demonstrate excellent accuracy, confirming the reliability of the developed model for sex determination. These findings demonstrate that using deep learning for sex determination is a novel and promising approach. The high accuracy of the CNN model provides a valuable tool for sex determination in challenging scenarios. This could have important implications for forensic investigations and help identify victims of disasters and other crimes

Performance Analysis of Support Vector Machine in Sex Classification of The Sacrum Bone in Forensic Anthropology

Sex classification is part of forensic anthropological identification aimed at determining whether the skeleton belongs to a male or a female. This paper exhibits the performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) in classifying the sex of the sacrum in forensic anthropology. Bone data was measured by the metric method based on six variables, namely superior breadth, anterior length, mid ventral breadth, real height, diameter the base, and max-transverse diameter of the base. This study shows performance analysis of SVM using the library libSVM with linear, polynomial, and RBF kernel to observe the results of the comparison of the accuracy of the kernel used. According to the results of the trials, the best accuracy was attained in each kernel function, i.e., the RBF kernel is 83.33% with g = 1 and C = 1, the polynomial is 85.56% at γ = 2, C = 2 and d =1, and the linear kernel obtained best accuracy is 84.44 % with C = 2 and C = 3. In conformity with the experimental result, polynomial attained the highest accuracy of 85.56% at γ = 2, C = 2, and d =1

Random forest age estimation model based on length of left hand bone for Asian population

In forensic anthropology, age estimation is used to ease the process of identifying the age of a living being or the body of a deceased person. Nonetheless, the specialty of the estimation models is solely suitable to a specific people. Commonly, the models are inter and intra-observer variability as the qualitative set of data is being used which results the estimation of age to rely on forensic experts. This study proposes an age estimation model by using length of bone in left hand of Asian subjects range from newborn up to 18-year-old. One soft computing model, which is Random Forest (RF) is used to develop the estimation model and the results are compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), developed in the previous case studies. The performance measurement used in this study and the previous case study are R-square and Mean Square Error (MSE) value. Based on the results produced, the RF model shows comparable results with the ANN and SVM model. For male subjects, the performance of the RF model is better than ANN, however less ideal than SVM model. As for female subjects, the RF model overperfoms both ANN and SVM model. Overall, the RF model is the most suitable model in estimating age for female subjects compared to ANN and SVM model, however for male subjects, RF model is the second best model compared to the both models. Yet, the application of this model is restricted only to experimental purpose or forensic practice

Gender Estimation from Fingerprints Using DWT and Entropy

Gender estimation from fingerprints have wide range of applications, especially in the field of forensics where identifying the gender of a criminal can reduce the list of suspects significantly. Although there have been quite a few research papers in the field of gender estimation from fingerprints most of those experiments used a lot of features but were only able to achieve poor classification results. That being the motivation behind the study we successfully proposed two different approaches for gender estimation from fingerprints and achieved high classification accuracy.;In this study we have developed two different approaches for gender estimation from fingerprints. The dataset used consists of 498 fingerprints of which 260 are male and 238 are female fingerprints. The first approach is based on wavelet analysis and uses features obtained from a six level discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Classification is performed using a decision stump classifier implemented in weka and was able to achieve a classification accuracy of 95.38% using the DWT approach. The second approach uses wavelet packet analysis and extracted the Shannon entropy and log-energy entropy from the coefficients of wavelet packet transform and provided a classification accuracy of 96.59% on the same dataset using decision stump classifier implemented in weka

Palmprint Gender Classification Using Deep Learning Methods

Gender identification is an important technique that can improve the performance of authentication systems by reducing searching space and speeding up the matching process. Several biometric traits have been used to ascertain human gender. Among them, the human palmprint possesses several discriminating features such as principal-lines, wrinkles, ridges, and minutiae features and that offer cues for gender identification. The goal of this work is to develop novel deep-learning techniques to determine gender from palmprint images. PolyU and CASIA palmprint databases with 90,000 and 5502 images respectively were used for training and testing purposes in this research. After ROI extraction and data augmentation were performed, various convolutional and deep learning-based classification approaches were empirically designed, optimized, and tested. Results of gender classification as high as 94.87% were achieved on the PolyU palmprint database and 90.70% accuracy on the CASIA palmprint database. Optimal performance was achieved by combining two different pre-trained and fine-tuned deep CNNs (VGGNet and DenseNet) through score level average fusion. In addition, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) was also implemented to ascertain which specific regions of the palmprint are most discriminative for gender classification