ANALISIS UJI SIFAT FISIK BIODIESEL (B100) YANG TERBUAT DARI MINYAK JELANTAH

Analisis Uji Sifat Fisik Biodiesel (B100) Yang Terbuat Dari Minyak Jelantah. Peningkatan konsumsi bbm jenis solar yang tinggi menyebabkan terjadinya kekurangan pasokan bbm jenis solar, sehingga peneliti dan pemerintah mencari penggantinya yaitu biodiesel. Tujuan dalam skripsi ini adalah untuk mencari cara membuat biodiesel (B100) dari minyak jelantah dan menguji sifat fisik biodiesel (B100) tersebut, dan apakah sudah sesuai standar biodiesel SNI 7182:2015 Metode transesterifikasi digunakan untuk membuat biodiesel (B100) dari minyak jelantah. Pengambilan data secara langsung pada lab energi baru dan terbarukan Universitas Balikpapan dan lab PT. Petrolab Services Balikpapan yaitu sifat fisik dari 2 sampel biodiesel (B100) Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan didapat Massa jenisnya pada kedua sampel (B100) adalah 880 Kg/m3 dan 870 Kg/m3, dan viskositasnya adalah 6,82 mm2/s dan 5,75 mm2/s. Flash point pada sampel 1 (B100) adalah 1750C dan sampel 2 (B100) adalah 1750C. Pour point adalah 60C pada sampel 1 dan 2 (B100). Cetane index kedua sampel (B100) adalah 36,4).Kata kunci: Minyak jelantah, Transesterifikasi, Biodiesel (B100), Sifat FisikANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TEST OF BIODIESEL (B100) MADE FROM WASTE COOKING OILAnalysis Of The Physical Properties Of Biodiesel (B100) Made From Waste Cooking Oil. The increase of fuel high consumption of solar caused the shortage of supply of diesel fuel type, so that researchers and government seeking replacement is biodiesel. The purpose in this thesis is to look for how to make biodiesel (B100) from waste cooking oil and test the physical properties of the biodiesel (B100), and whether it is compliant with the biodiesel standard SNI 7182:2015 Transesterification method is used to make Biodiesel (B100) of the waste cooking oil. Data retrieval directly on the Renewable Energy Lab of University of Balikpapan and lab PT. Petrolab Services Balikpapan which is the physical properties of 2 biodiesel samples (B100) based on the results obtained density of the mass in both samples (B100) Is 880 Kg/m3 and 870 Kg/m3, and the viscosity is 6.82 mm2/s and 5.75 mm2/S. Flash point on Sample 1 (B100) is 1750C and sample 2 (B100) is 1750C. Pour Point is 600 C on Sample 1 and 2 (B100). Cetane Index on both samples (B100) is 36.4.Keywords: Waste cooking oil, transesterification, biodiesel (B100), physical properties

PTO performance and NOx emissions with D2, B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compact tractor

Tests were conducted in fall 2006 on a John Deere 3203 diesel tractor to determine differences in specific fuel consumption, power take-off (PTO) torque, PTO power, thermal efficiency, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions between No. 2 diesel (D2), 20% biodiesel (B20), and 100% biodiesel (B100). Four 1-hour tests were conducted on each fuel. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (p≤.05) between D2 or B20 on any variable of interest. However, B100 resulted in significantly (p≤.05) increased, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency and decreased PTO torque and PTO power over both D2 and B20. These data suggest that farmers could switch from D2 to B20 without any performance losses, but a switch to B100 would result in the use of more fuel and a loss of power and torque

Bioremediation of biodiesel and diesel contaminated soil by pseudomonas putida

As occurs to the diesel fuel, the commercialization of biodiesel and their diesel blends can cause environmental damages due to accidental spillage. Presence of these contaminants containing polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil is toxic to humans, plants and soil microorganisms due to their recalcitrant and mutagenic or carcinogenic properties. Therefore, this study was conducted to suggest a new technique of treatment to clean up the biodiesel and diesel contaminated soil by Pseudomonas putida. Spill simulations with biodiesel, diesel and their blends in sandy gravel soil were performed according to previous study with some modification. Briefly, 200 mL of Pseudomonas putida was inoculated into soil samples: B5 (5% biodiesel + 95% diesel), B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), B50 (50% biodiesel + 50% diesel), B100 (100% biodiesel) and D100 (100% diesel). As a control sample, there is no addition of biodiesel and diesel into the sample. All samples were stored in the incubator at 35 ºC throughout the 24 days of treatment. Samples were analyzed for: soil particle size, moisture content, pH, total nitrogen (TN), orthophosphate, sulfate, total organic carbon (TOC), soxhlet extraction of PAHs and enumeration of Pseudomonas putida. The measurement of all testing parameters was carried out at interval of three days starting from Day 0 to Day 24 of bioremediation period. Results showed that the highest removal of total nitrogen (TN), orthophosphate, sulfate, total organic carbon (TOC) and PAHs were observed in the sample B100 with up to 70.43%, 69.47%, 68.08%, 97.66% and 96.28% removal, respectively. The degradation rates of PAHs and survival of Pseudomonas putida were also observed highest in the sample B100 with up to 0.149 mg/kg/day and 60 × 106 cfu/g, respectively. Based on these overall findings, it can be verified that the sample B100 has the higher biodegradability than other samples. According to results, it can conclude that, the capability and effectiveness of Pseudomonas putida as oil-biodegradable agent in soil bioremediation were proved and bioremediation of contaminated samples may be considered as a successful and feasible practice

No purification in all discrete theories and the power of the complete extension

Quantum theory has an outstanding property, namely each state has its well defined purification - a state extremal in the set of states in larger Hilbert space. It is known that the classical theory and the theory of non-signaling boxes does not have purification for all of their states. These theories are examples of the so called generalized probabilistic theories (GPTs). However in any non-signaling GPT each state has a number of extensions to a larger system. We single out the most relevant among them, called a complete extension, unique up to local reversible operations on the extending system. We prove that this special, finite dimensional extension bares an analogy to quantum purification in that (i) it allows for an access to all ensembles of the extended system (ii) from complete extension one can generate any other extension. It then follows, that an access to the complete extension represents the total power of the most general non-signaling adversary. A complete extension of a maximally mixed box in two-party binary input binary output scenario is up to relabeling the famous Popescu-Rohrlich box. The latter thus emerges naturally without reference to the Bell's non-locality. However the complete extension is not a purification (a vertex) in the generic case. Moreover, we show that all convex discrete theories does not provide purification for almost all of it states. In particular the theory of contextuality does not possess purification. The complete extensions are by nature high-dimensional systems. We were able however to provide explicit structure of complete extension for the noisy Popescu-Rohrlich-boxes and the 3-cycle contextual box.Comment: 34 pages, 7 figure

Serendipity observations of far infrared cirrus emission in the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey: Analysis of far-infrared correlations

We present an analysis of far-infrared dust emission from diffuse cirrus clouds. This study is based on serendipitous observations at 160 microns at high galactic latitude with the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope by the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS). These observations are complemented with IRIS data at 100 and 60 microns and constitute one of the most sensitive and unbiased samples of far infrared observations at small scale of diffuse interstellar clouds. Outside regions dominated by the cosmic infrared background fluctuations, we observe a substantial scatter in the 160/100 colors from cirrus emission. We compared the 160/100 color variations to 60/100 colors in the same fields and find a trend of decreasing 60/100 with increasing 160/100. This trend can not be accounted for by current dust models by changing solely the interstellar radiation field. It requires a significant change of dust properties such as grain size distribution or emissivity or a mixing of clouds in different physical conditions along the line of sight. These variations are important as a potential confusing foreground for extragalactic studies.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, accepted to Ap

Increased glycation and oxidative damage to apolipoprotein B100 of LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes and effect of metformin

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether apolipoprotein B100 of LDL suffers increased damage by glycation, oxidation, and nitration in patients with type 2 diabetes, including patients receiving metformin therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this study, 32 type 2 diabetic patients and 21 healthy control subjects were recruited; 13 diabetic patients were receiving metformin therapy (median dose: 1.50 g/day). LDL was isolated from venous plasma by ultracentrifugation, delipidated, digested, and analyzed for protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts by stable isotopic dilution analysis tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Advanced glycation end product (AGE) content of apolipoprotein B100 of LDL from type 2 diabetic patients was higher than from healthy subjects: arginine-derived AGE, 15.8 vs. 5.3 mol% (P < 0.001); and lysine-derived AGE, 2.5 vs. 1.5 mol% (P < 0.05). Oxidative damage, mainly methionine sulfoxide residues, was also increased: 2.5 vs. 1.1 molar equivalents (P < 0.001). 3-Nitrotyrosine content was decreased: 0.04 vs. 0.12 mol% (P < 0.05). In diabetic patients receiving metformin therapy, arginine-derived AGE and methionine sulfoxide were lower than in patients not receiving metformin: 19.3 vs. 8.9 mol% (P < 0.01) and 2.9 vs. 1.9 mol% (P < 0.05), respectively; 3-nitrotyrosine content was higher: 0.10 vs. 0.03 mol% (P < 0.05). Fructosyl-lysine residue content correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose. Arginine-derived AGE residue contents were intercorrelated and also correlated positively with methionine sulfoxide. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes had increased arginine-derived AGEs and oxidative damage in apolipoprotein B100 of LDL. This was lower in patients receiving metformin therapy, which may contribute to decreased oxidative damage, atherogenicity, and cardiovascular disease

Performance and emissions of an agricultural diesel engine fuelled with different diesel and methyl ester blends

This paper shows the results of an investigation carried out to assess the application of different fuels produced by blending diesel fuel with methyl ester obtained from mixture of 75% (v/v) sunflower oil and 25% (v/v) used cooking oil on a Kubota agricultural indirect injection diesel engine, natural aspirated, and with a rated horsepower of 19.7 kW. Seven fuels, namely diesel fuel; 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (%v/v) blends were prepared and tested for the performance of the diesel engine in accordance with the standardised OECD test code 2. The test results showed that the performance of the engine was satisfactory without a significant reduction in power output and torque with blends smaller than 50%. Fuel consumptions with biodiesel were higher than that when fuelled with diesel but differences were not very marked up to 30% blends. As the reduction of the engine thermal efficiency was less than the corresponding reduction in heating value of the different biodiesel blends, the latter resulted in a more complete combustion in comparison with diesel fuel. The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions were found to be reduced as the biodiesel concentration increase, particularly with 70% and 100% blends. The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were lower and increased at a lower rate with the oxygen concentration of the exhaust as the biodiesel blends were equal or higher than 50%