Tests were conducted in fall 2006 on a John Deere 3203 diesel tractor to determine differences in specific fuel consumption, power take-off (PTO) torque, PTO power, thermal efficiency, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions between No. 2 diesel (D2), 20% biodiesel (B20), and 100% biodiesel (B100). Four 1-hour tests were conducted on each fuel. The results indicated no statistically significant differences (p≤.05) between D2 or B20 on any variable of interest. However, B100 resulted in significantly (p≤.05) increased, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency and decreased PTO torque and PTO power over both D2 and B20. These data suggest that farmers could switch from D2 to B20 without any performance losses, but a switch to B100 would result in the use of more fuel and a loss of power and torque

Brown, Tonya

Hardin, Matthew

Johnson, Donald

Roller, Melanie

Wardlow, George

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Volume 8 Article 10 Fall 2007 PTO performance and NOx emissions with D2, B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compact tractor Matthew Hardin University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Tonya Brown University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Melanie Roller University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Donald Johnson University of Arkansas, Fayetteville George Wardlow University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag  Part of the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Hardin, M., Brown, T., Roller, M., Johnson, D., & Wardlow, G. (2007). PTO performance and NOx emissions with D2, B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compact tractor. Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences, 8(1), 56-60. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag/vol8/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 56PTO performance and NOxemissions with D2, B20, andB100 fuels in a John Deere 3203compact tractorMatthew K. Hardin*, Tonya Brown†, Melanie R. Roller§,Donald Johnson‡, and George Wardlow§§ABSTRACTTests were conducted in fall 2006 on a John Deere 3203 diesel tractor to determine differences inspecific fuel consumption, power take-off (PTO) torque, PTO power, thermal efficiency, andoxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions between No. 2 diesel (D2), 20% biodiesel (B20), and 100%biodiesel (B100). Four 1-hour tests were conducted on each fuel. The results indicated no statis-tically significant differences (p≤.05) between D2 or B20 on any variable of interest. However,B100 resulted in significantly (p≤.05) increased, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficien-cy and decreased PTO torque and PTO power over both D2 and B20. These data suggest thatfarmers could switch from D2 to B20 without any performance losses, but a switch to B100 wouldresult in the use of more fuel and a loss of power and torque.* Matthew Hardin is a senior agricultural education, communication and technology major.† Tonya Brown is a senior agricultural education, communication and technology major.§ Melanie Roller is a senior agricultural education, communication and technology major.‡ Donald Johnson is a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education.§§ George Wardlow is a professor and interim department head of the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education .DISCOVERY VOL. 8, FALL 2007THE STUDENT JOURNAL OF THE DALE BUMPERS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL, FOOD AND LIFE SCIENCES 57MEET THE STUDENT-AUTHORSI graduated from high school in Tecumseh, Okla., in 2002, hav-ing been very active in FFA and 4-H. I completed my bachelor ofscience in fall 2006 with a major in agricultural education,communication and technology. During my program I was a member of the livestock judging team and was active in CollegiateFFA/4-H. I served as president of the Collegiate Farm Bureau.I plan to teach agricultural sciences and technologies at the high-school level in Oklahoma or Arkansas.I completed high school in Pea Ridge, Ark., in 2003, where I wasvery active in several student organizations, including the FFA. Aftercoming to the University of Arkansas, I continued my participationin Collegiate FFA/4-H, serving in several officer roles. I was also anofficer in the Collegiate Farm Bureau. I plan to graduate summer,2007 with a bachelor of science in agriculture and a major in agricul-tural education, communication and technology. Beginning in fall2007, I will be employed as an agricultural science teacher for theMcDonald County Schools in Anderson, Mo.I came to the University of Arkansas from Conway, Ark., in 2003to major in journalism. By spring 2004, I found a home in the agri-cultural communications program of the Agricultural Education,Communication and Technology program of the Bumpers College. Ihave been active on campus in the Agricultural Communicators ofTomorrow and as a resident assistant. I completed an internship withthe Arkansas Farm Bureau in Little Rock in the area of communica-tions technologies, during which I further developed my photo-graphic skills. I graduated with a bachelor of science degree in agri-culture in spring 2007.Matthew K. HardinTonya BrownMelanie R. RollerINTRODUCTIONGiven the recent rise in cost of petroleum-based fuelsand the continuing U.S. dependency on them, the agri-cultural equipment industry is producing more tractorsthat can run on alternative fuels (Cousins, 2006). Thesefuels need to be studied to determine if they are viablealternatives to fossil fuels.The National Biodiesel Board (NBB, 2007) definesbiodiesel as a “fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or ani-mal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirementsof ASTM D 6751.” The natural oil can be vegetable oils,cooking greases and oils, or animal fats (DOE, 2006).Most U.S. biodiesel is produced from the methyl ester ofsoybean oil, since this crop is available in sufficientquantities on a national level (Canakci and Van Gerpen,2003).Researchers (Proc, et al., 2006; Canakci and VanGerpen, 2003; Schumacher et al., 2001) found little dif-ference in power performance, specific fuel consump-tion, or thermal efficiency between engines fueled withNo. 2 petroleum diesel (D2) or with blends of 80% D2and 20% biofuel (B20). A study at Iowa State Universityfound that biodiesel blends were similar to D2 in theirthermal efficiency, but had higher fuel consumption(Monyem and Van Gerpen, 2000). Biodiesel was foundto produce 15% and 16% lower exhaust carbon monox-ide and hydrocarbons, respectively, than fossil fuels butthere was no difference between the NOx and smokeemissions of D2 and biodiesel (Monyem and VanGerpen, 2000).A University of West Virginia study used a 35%biodiesel blend on heavy-load engines. They found spe-cific fuel consumption to be about the same as with D2(Wang et al., 2000). Heavy trucks emitted lower partic-ulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons thanthe same trucks fueled with D2 (Wang et al., 2000).Decreased power and increased specific fuel consump-tion have been found in engines fueled with B100, sinceit contains approximately 13% less energy than D2(DOE, 2006).One of the main arguments for the use of biodieselsis that they are better for the environment, but someresearchers dispute this fact. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)are an EPA-regulated pollutant. Some researchers foundincreased NOx emissions with biofueled engines(Canakci and Van Gerpen, 2003; Schumacher et al.,2001), while others (Proc et al., 2006) found no increase.Ongoing tests at the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory show that “NOx emissions do not alwaysincrease with B20 and in some cases actually decrease”(DOE, 2006).The goal of this study was to determine if there weresignificant differences between PTO power, PTO-specif-ic fuel consumption, PTO thermal efficiency, or PTO-specific NOX emissions for a compact utility tractorfueled with D2, B20, or B100.MATERIALS AND METHODSFour one-hour steady-state tests were conductedusing each fuel (D2, B20, and B100). PTO speed wasmaintained at a steady 540 rpm. PTO rpm, torque,power, mass fuel consumption, and NOX emissions weremeasured at five-minute intervals. Ambient environ-mental conditions were monitored to ensure the testswere in compliance with the OECD Tractor Test Codes(OECD, 2006). The tests were conducted on a JohnDeere 3203 compact tractor with approximately 900hours of prior machine use. It had a Yanmar three-cylin-der diesel engine (Table 1) with gross engine power ratedat 23.9kW (Compact Utility Tractor 3203 Operator’sManual, n.d.). The fuel system was drained and the oilfilter was replaced prior to testing each fuel. An auxiliaryfuel tank and an Ohaus SD-35 digital platform scale(35kg x 0.02kg) were used to measure the mass fuel con-sumption. An AW NEB 400 PTO dynamometer wasused to apply the load and measure PTO performance(AW Dynamometer, Colfax, Ill.). The NOx emissionswere measured with an Auto Logic Gold 6-Gas exhaustanalyzer (Auto Logic, Sussex, Wis.). The general charac-teristics of the fuels used are reported in Table 2.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThere was no significant difference in mean PTOspeed by fuel type, with all mean speeds within 0.16% ofthe target speed (Table 3). There were no significant dif-ferences (p ≤ .05) between D2 and B20 on any measure:PTO power, PTO torque, fuel consumption, NOx emis-sions, or PTO rpm. When fueled with B100, the tractorproduced significantly less PTO power and torque thanwhen fueled with D2 or B20.PTO-specific fuel consumption was significantlyhigher (p ≤ .05) for B100 than for D2 or B20. However,PTO thermal efficiency was significantly (p ≤ .05) high-er for B100 than for D2 or B20. Finally, there was no sig-nificant difference (p ≤ .05) in PTO-specific NOx emis-sions between D2, B20, or B100.The results related to power, torque, and specific fuelconsumption support the findings of previous studies(Canakci and Van Gerpen, 2003; Schumacher et al.,2001). However, results related to thermal efficiency andNOx emissions differ from previous studies. The lack ofDISCOVERY VOL. 8, FALL 200758statistically significant differences in NOx emissionsacross the three fuels, which are different results fromprevious studies, may result from differences betweenthe testing methods used. Canakci and Von Gerpen(2003) tested under full-load conditions, whileSchumacher et al. (2001) tested under transient-loadconditions. Tests reported herein were conducted atrated PTO speed, which is a light load, but at high enginespeed. NOx emissions have been shown to increase withincreased load and decreased engine speed (Li et al.,2006; DOE, 2006). The slightly higher thermal efficien-cy with B100 is likely due to load conditions and theenergy content of the specific fuels used in this study.These results confirm that tractors similar to this onemay be fueled with either D2 or B20 with no significantdifferences in performance or specific fuel consumption.Fueling with B100 will result in increased PTO-specificfuel consumption, with a decrease in power and torque.When fueled with B100, the tractor PTO thermal effi-ciency was slightly higher than with D2 or B20.Farmers can use these data to decide if they shouldswitch to biodiesel or should continue to use D2. If theprice of B20 is less than D2, and a farmer can use B20without any performance losses, the conversion to B20makes economic sense. However, the use of B100 wouldresult in performance loses.Further testing should be conducted to determine ifthere is a significant difference in NOx emissions atincreased load and decreased engine speed. Full-loadtesting would also allow for further evaluation of thehigher PTO thermal efficiency found for B100.In this study, the researchers did not consider thepotential differences in engine wear, fuel system degra-dation, or cold-start issues associated with the use ofbiofuels. Consumers should take these factors into con-sideration, consult the manufacturers’ warranty condi-tions, and follow the recommendations when selectingfuels.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSFunding for this research was provided by theUniversity of Arkansas Dale Bumpers College ofAgricultural, Food and Life Sciences UndergraduateResearch Grant Program. Appreciation is expressed tothe Max Taylor Oil Company for their donation of thetest fuels.LITERATURE CITEDCanakci, M. and J.H. Van Gerpen. 2003. Comparison ofengine performance and emissions for petroleumdiesel fuel, yellow grease biodiesel, and soybean oilbiodiesel. Trans. ASAE . 46: 937-944.Cousins, D. 2006. Biodiesel power on show. FarmersWeekly 144 (20): 73-73.DOE. 2006. Biodiesel handling and use guidelines.DOE/GO-102006-2358. Washington, DC: U.S. DOE,Office of Scientific and Technical information.John Deere Corporation. Undated. Compact UtilityTractor 3203 Operator’s Manual.<http://www.deere.com/servlet/com.deere.u90785.productcatalog.view.servlets.PublicationsListServlet?equipID=22493&language=english&searchCriteria=3203&exactModelSearchFlag=off&orderBy=pubType> Accessed April 16, 2007.Li, Y.X., N.B. McLaughlin, B.S. Patterson, and S.D. Burtt.2006. Fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions forbiodiesel blends in an agricultural tractor. CanadianBiosystems Engineering 48: 2.15-2.22.Monyem, A. and J.H. Van Gerpen. 2000. The effect ofbiodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emis-sions. Biomass and Bioenergy 20 (4): 317-325.National Biodiesel Board. 2007. Biodiesel Definitions.<http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/definitions/default.shtm> Accessed April 10, 2007.Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment. 2006. OECD Standard codes for theofficial testing of agricultural and forestry tractors.<http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,2340,en_2649_37401_34735882_1_1_1_37401,00.html> AccessedSeptember 10, 2006.Proc, K., R. Barnitt, R. Hayes, M. Ratcliff, R. McCormick,L. Ha, and L. Fang. 2006. 100,000-mile evaluation oftransient buses operated on biodiesel blends (B20).NREL/CP-540-40128. Presented at the Powertrainand Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition.Toronto, CA.Schumacher, L., W. Marshall, J. Krahl, W. Wetherwell,and M. Grabowski. 2001. Biodiesel emissions datafrom series 60 DDC engines. Transactions of ASAE44: 1465-1468.Wang, W.G., D.W. Lyons, N.N. Clark, and M. Gautam.2000. Emissions from Nine Heavy Trucks Fueled byDiesel and Biodiesel Bland without EngineModification. Environmental Science Technology 34:933-939.THE STUDENT JOURNAL OF THE DALE BUMPERS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL, FOOD AND LIFE SCIENCES 59Table 1.  John Deere 3203 specifications Engine   Yanmar Bore   84 mm Stroke   90 mm Displacement  1.5L Gross engine power (rated) 23.9 kW Compression ratio   19:01 aCompact Utility Tractor 3203 Operator's Manual60Table 3.  Mean data for each output N PTO RPM PTO power (KW) PTO torque (N-m)Thermalefficiency (%) SFC (kg/kW-h)NOxemissions(g/kW-h) D2 4 540.15a 17.32a 306.48a 23.9a 0.327a 6.00aS.D. 0.0896 0.2880 5.6810 0.0040 0.0055 0.278 B20 4 540.82a 17.19a 303.06a 24.4a 0.33a 6.23aS.D. 0.7500 0.0431 1.3843 0.0035 0.0047 0.073 B100 4 540.25a 15.96b 282.25b 25.00b 0.366b 6.16aS.D. 0.1732 0.2358 4.7374 0.0065 0.0093  0.319 F 1.14 48.19 36.45 5.44 40.17 0.087p 0.3617 < .0001 < 0.0001 0.0283 < 0.0001 0.4524a,b Means with the same letters within columns are not significantly different. xxxTable 2.  Specific fuel characteristics Property D2 B20 B100 Carbon (% mass)  84.42a 85.10a 77.30aHydrogen (% mass)  13.38a 12.60a 11.80aSpecific gravity  0.814a 0.862c 0.886aKinematic viscosity, 40 C (mm2/s)   N/A 2.92a 4.12aCetane number  46.1a 46.0a 47.5aHeat of combustion, gross (BTU/lb) 19832b 19253c 16937baValues from DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory Fuels Database.    bAnalysis by Magellan Testing Laboratory (Kansas City, Kan.).     cCalculated value.      DISCOVERY VOL. 8, FALL 2007

PTO performance and NOx emissions with D2, B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compact tractor

ScholarWorks@UARK

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College ofAgricultural, Food and Life SciencesVolume 8 Article 10Fall 2007PTO performance and NOx emissions with D2,B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compacttractorMatthew HardinUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleTonya BrownUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleMelanie RollerUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleDonald JohnsonUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleGeorge WardlowUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymagPart of the Oil, Gas, and Energy CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Discovery, The Student Journalof Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, pleasecontact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationHardin, Matthew; Brown, Tonya; Roller, Melanie; Johnson, Donald; and Wardlow, George (2007) "PTO performance and NOxemissions with D2, B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compact tractor," Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers Collegeof Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences. University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture. 8:56-60.Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag/vol8/iss1/1056PTO performance and NOxemissions with D2, B20, andB100 fuels in a John Deere 3203compact tractorMatthew K. Hardin*, Tonya Brown†, Melanie R. Roller§,Donald Johnson‡, and George Wardlow§§ABSTRACTTests were conducted in fall 2006 on a John Deere 3203 diesel tractor to determine differences inspecific fuel consumption, power take-off (PTO) torque, PTO power, thermal efficiency, andoxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions between No. 2 diesel (D2), 20% biodiesel (B20), and 100%biodiesel (B100). Four 1-hour tests were conducted on each fuel. The results indicated no statis-tically significant differences (p≤.05) between D2 or B20 on any variable of interest. However,B100 resulted in significantly (p≤.05) increased, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficien-cy and decreased PTO torque and PTO power over both D2 and B20. These data suggest thatfarmers could switch from D2 to B20 without any performance losses, but a switch to B100 wouldresult in the use of more fuel and a loss of power and torque.* Matthew Hardin is a senior agricultural education, communication and technology major.† Tonya Brown is a senior agricultural education, communication and technology major.§ Melanie Roller is a senior agricultural education, communication and technology major.‡ Donald Johnson is a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education.§§ George Wardlow is a professor and interim department head of the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education .DISCOVERY VOL. 8, FALL 2007THE STUDENT JOURNAL OF THE DALE BUMPERS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL, FOOD AND LIFE SCIENCES 57MEET THE STUDENT-AUTHORSI graduated from high school in Tecumseh, Okla., in 2002, hav-ing been very active in FFA and 4-H. I completed my bachelor ofscience in fall 2006 with a major in agricultural education,communication and technology. During my program I was a member of the livestock judging team and was active in CollegiateFFA/4-H. I served as president of the Collegiate Farm Bureau.I plan to teach agricultural sciences and technologies at the high-school level in Oklahoma or Arkansas.I completed high school in Pea Ridge, Ark., in 2003, where I wasvery active in several student organizations, including the FFA. Aftercoming to the University of Arkansas, I continued my participationin Collegiate FFA/4-H, serving in several officer roles. I was also anofficer in the Collegiate Farm Bureau. I plan to graduate summer,2007 with a bachelor of science in agriculture and a major in agricul-tural education, communication and technology. Beginning in fall2007, I will be employed as an agricultural science teacher for theMcDonald County Schools in Anderson, Mo.I came to the University of Arkansas from Conway, Ark., in 2003to major in journalism. By spring 2004, I found a home in the agri-cultural communications program of the Agricultural Education,Communication and Technology program of the Bumpers College. Ihave been active on campus in the Agricultural Communicators ofTomorrow and as a resident assistant. I completed an internship withthe Arkansas Farm Bureau in Little Rock in the area of communica-tions technologies, during which I further developed my photo-graphic skills. I graduated with a bachelor of science degree in agri-culture in spring 2007.Matthew K. HardinTonya BrownMelanie R. RollerINTRODUCTIONGiven the recent rise in cost of petroleum-based fuelsand the continuing U.S. dependency on them, the agri-cultural equipment industry is producing more tractorsthat can run on alternative fuels (Cousins, 2006). Thesefuels need to be studied to determine if they are viablealternatives to fossil fuels.The National Biodiesel Board (NBB, 2007) definesbiodiesel as a “fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or ani-mal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirementsof ASTM D 6751.” The natural oil can be vegetable oils,cooking greases and oils, or animal fats (DOE, 2006).Most U.S. biodiesel is produced from the methyl ester ofsoybean oil, since this crop is available in sufficientquantities on a national level (Canakci and Van Gerpen,2003).Researchers (Proc, et al., 2006; Canakci and VanGerpen, 2003; Schumacher et al., 2001) found little dif-ference in power performance, specific fuel consump-tion, or thermal efficiency between engines fueled withNo. 2 petroleum diesel (D2) or with blends of 80% D2and 20% biofuel (B20). A study at Iowa State Universityfound that biodiesel blends were similar to D2 in theirthermal efficiency, but had higher fuel consumption(Monyem and Van Gerpen, 2000). Biodiesel was foundto produce 15% and 16% lower exhaust carbon monox-ide and hydrocarbons, respectively, than fossil fuels butthere was no difference between the NOx and smokeemissions of D2 and biodiesel (Monyem and VanGerpen, 2000).A University of West Virginia study used a 35%biodiesel blend on heavy-load engines. They found spe-cific fuel consumption to be about the same as with D2(Wang et al., 2000). Heavy trucks emitted lower partic-ulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons thanthe same trucks fueled with D2 (Wang et al., 2000).Decreased power and increased specific fuel consump-tion have been found in engines fueled with B100, sinceit contains approximately 13% less energy than D2(DOE, 2006).One of the main arguments for the use of biodieselsis that they are better for the environment, but someresearchers dispute this fact. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)are an EPA-regulated pollutant. Some researchers foundincreased NOx emissions with biofueled engines(Canakci and Van Gerpen, 2003; Schumacher et al.,2001), while others (Proc et al., 2006) found no increase.Ongoing tests at the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory show that “NOx emissions do not alwaysincrease with B20 and in some cases actually decrease”(DOE, 2006).The goal of this study was to determine if there weresignificant differences between PTO power, PTO-specif-ic fuel consumption, PTO thermal efficiency, or PTO-specific NOX emissions for a compact utility tractorfueled with D2, B20, or B100.MATERIALS AND METHODSFour one-hour steady-state tests were conductedusing each fuel (D2, B20, and B100). PTO speed wasmaintained at a steady 540 rpm. PTO rpm, torque,power, mass fuel consumption, and NOX emissions weremeasured at five-minute intervals. Ambient environ-mental conditions were monitored to ensure the testswere in compliance with the OECD Tractor Test Codes(OECD, 2006). The tests were conducted on a JohnDeere 3203 compact tractor with approximately 900hours of prior machine use. It had a Yanmar three-cylin-der diesel engine (Table 1) with gross engine power ratedat 23.9kW (Compact Utility Tractor 3203 Operator’sManual, n.d.). The fuel system was drained and the oilfilter was replaced prior to testing each fuel. An auxiliaryfuel tank and an Ohaus SD-35 digital platform scale(35kg x 0.02kg) were used to measure the mass fuel con-sumption. An AW NEB 400 PTO dynamometer wasused to apply the load and measure PTO performance(AW Dynamometer, Colfax, Ill.). The NOx emissionswere measured with an Auto Logic Gold 6-Gas exhaustanalyzer (Auto Logic, Sussex, Wis.). The general charac-teristics of the fuels used are reported in Table 2.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThere was no significant difference in mean PTOspeed by fuel type, with all mean speeds within 0.16% ofthe target speed (Table 3). There were no significant dif-ferences (p ≤ .05) between D2 and B20 on any measure:PTO power, PTO torque, fuel consumption, NOx emis-sions, or PTO rpm. When fueled with B100, the tractorproduced significantly less PTO power and torque thanwhen fueled with D2 or B20.PTO-specific fuel consumption was significantlyhigher (p ≤ .05) for B100 than for D2 or B20. However,PTO thermal efficiency was significantly (p ≤ .05) high-er for B100 than for D2 or B20. Finally, there was no sig-nificant difference (p ≤ .05) in PTO-specific NOx emis-sions between D2, B20, or B100.The results related to power, torque, and specific fuelconsumption support the findings of previous studies(Canakci and Van Gerpen, 2003; Schumacher et al.,2001). However, results related to thermal efficiency andNOx emissions differ from previous studies. The lack ofDISCOVERY VOL. 8, FALL 200758statistically significant differences in NOx emissionsacross the three fuels, which are different results fromprevious studies, may result from differences betweenthe testing methods used. Canakci and Von Gerpen(2003) tested under full-load conditions, whileSchumacher et al. (2001) tested under transient-loadconditions. Tests reported herein were conducted atrated PTO speed, which is a light load, but at high enginespeed. NOx emissions have been shown to increase withincreased load and decreased engine speed (Li et al.,2006; DOE, 2006). The slightly higher thermal efficien-cy with B100 is likely due to load conditions and theenergy content of the specific fuels used in this study.These results confirm that tractors similar to this onemay be fueled with either D2 or B20 with no significantdifferences in performance or specific fuel consumption.Fueling with B100 will result in increased PTO-specificfuel consumption, with a decrease in power and torque.When fueled with B100, the tractor PTO thermal effi-ciency was slightly higher than with D2 or B20.Farmers can use these data to decide if they shouldswitch to biodiesel or should continue to use D2. If theprice of B20 is less than D2, and a farmer can use B20without any performance losses, the conversion to B20makes economic sense. However, the use of B100 wouldresult in performance loses.Further testing should be conducted to determine ifthere is a significant difference in NOx emissions atincreased load and decreased engine speed. Full-loadtesting would also allow for further evaluation of thehigher PTO thermal efficiency found for B100.In this study, the researchers did not consider thepotential differences in engine wear, fuel system degra-dation, or cold-start issues associated with the use ofbiofuels. Consumers should take these factors into con-sideration, consult the manufacturers’ warranty condi-tions, and follow the recommendations when selectingfuels.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSFunding for this research was provided by theUniversity of Arkansas Dale Bumpers College ofAgricultural, Food and Life Sciences UndergraduateResearch Grant Program. Appreciation is expressed tothe Max Taylor Oil Company for their donation of thetest fuels.LITERATURE CITEDCanakci, M. and J.H. Van Gerpen. 2003. Comparison ofengine performance and emissions for petroleumdiesel fuel, yellow grease biodiesel, and soybean oilbiodiesel. Trans. ASAE . 46: 937-944.Cousins, D. 2006. Biodiesel power on show. FarmersWeekly 144 (20): 73-73.DOE. 2006. Biodiesel handling and use guidelines.DOE/GO-102006-2358. Washington, DC: U.S. DOE,Office of Scientific and Technical information.John Deere Corporation. Undated. Compact UtilityTractor 3203 Operator’s Manual.<http://www.deere.com/servlet/com.deere.u90785.productcatalog.view.servlets.PublicationsListServlet?equipID=22493&language=english&searchCriteria=3203&exactModelSearchFlag=off&orderBy=pubType> Accessed April 16, 2007.Li, Y.X., N.B. McLaughlin, B.S. Patterson, and S.D. Burtt.2006. Fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions forbiodiesel blends in an agricultural tractor. CanadianBiosystems Engineering 48: 2.15-2.22.Monyem, A. and J.H. Van Gerpen. 2000. The effect ofbiodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emis-sions. Biomass and Bioenergy 20 (4): 317-325.National Biodiesel Board. 2007. Biodiesel Definitions.<http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/definitions/default.shtm> Accessed April 10, 2007.Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment. 2006. OECD Standard codes for theofficial testing of agricultural and forestry tractors.<http://www.oecd.org/document/10/0,2340,en_2649_37401_34735882_1_1_1_37401,00.html> AccessedSeptember 10, 2006.Proc, K., R. Barnitt, R. Hayes, M. Ratcliff, R. McCormick,L. Ha, and L. Fang. 2006. 100,000-mile evaluation oftransient buses operated on biodiesel blends (B20).NREL/CP-540-40128. Presented at the Powertrainand Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition.Toronto, CA.Schumacher, L., W. Marshall, J. Krahl, W. Wetherwell,and M. Grabowski. 2001. Biodiesel emissions datafrom series 60 DDC engines. Transactions of ASAE44: 1465-1468.Wang, W.G., D.W. Lyons, N.N. Clark, and M. Gautam.2000. Emissions from Nine Heavy Trucks Fueled byDiesel and Biodiesel Bland without EngineModification. Environmental Science Technology 34:933-939.THE STUDENT JOURNAL OF THE DALE BUMPERS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL, FOOD AND LIFE SCIENCES 59Table 1.  John Deere 3203 specifications Engine   Yanmar Bore   84 mm Stroke   90 mm Displacement  1.5L Gross engine power (rated) 23.9 kW Compression ratio   19:01 aCompact Utility Tractor 3203 Operator's Manual60Table 3.  Mean data for each output N PTO RPM PTO power (KW) PTO torque (N-m)Thermalefficiency (%) SFC (kg/kW-h)NOxemissions(g/kW-h) D2 4 540.15a 17.32a 306.48a 23.9a 0.327a 6.00aS.D. 0.0896 0.2880 5.6810 0.0040 0.0055 0.278 B20 4 540.82a 17.19a 303.06a 24.4a 0.33a 6.23aS.D. 0.7500 0.0431 1.3843 0.0035 0.0047 0.073 B100 4 540.25a 15.96b 282.25b 25.00b 0.366b 6.16aS.D. 0.1732 0.2358 4.7374 0.0065 0.0093  0.319 F 1.14 48.19 36.45 5.44 40.17 0.087p 0.3617 < .0001 < 0.0001 0.0283 < 0.0001 0.4524a,b Means with the same letters within columns are not significantly different. xxxTable 2.  Specific fuel characteristics Property D2 B20 B100 Carbon (% mass)  84.42a 85.10a 77.30aHydrogen (% mass)  13.38a 12.60a 11.80aSpecific gravity  0.814a 0.862c 0.886aKinematic viscosity, 40 ?C (mm2/s)   N/A 2.92a 4.12aCetane number  46.1a 46.0a 47.5aHeat of combustion, gross (BTU/lb) 19832b 19253c 16937baValues from DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory Fuels Database.    bAnalysis by Magellan Testing Laboratory (Kansas City, Kan.).     cCalculated value.      DISCOVERY VOL. 8, FALL 2007

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PTO performance and NOx emissions with D2, B20, and B100 fuels in a John Deere 3203 compact tractor

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