Tolerance induction in memory CD4 T cells requires two rounds of antigen-specific activation

Autoimmune diseases are driven by immune cells that recognize self-tissues. A major goal for treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases is to turn off or tolerize self-reactive immune cells such as CD4 T cells that coordinate tissue damage in many autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are often diagnosed many years following their onset. The self-reactive CD4 T cells that must be tolerized, therefore, are previously activated or memory CD4 T cells. Little is known about whether tolerance can be induced in memory CD4 T cells. This paper demonstrates that memory CD4 T cells survive initial exposure to tolerance-inducing signals but that a second activation signal leads to cell death. This study has important implications for immunotherapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases

Autoimmunity and otolaryngology diseases

Many systemic autoimmune diseases have otolaryngology manifestations that could represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, as they often constitute an early sign of an otherwise asymptomatic autoimmune condition and may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. In other cases, otolaryngology manifestations can be overlooked in patients with previously diagnosed autoimmune diseases. The pres- ence of concomitant conditions, the heterogeneity of studies available in the literature, and the lack of randomized trials are factors that may limit the prompt diagnosis of otolaryn- gology manifestations in systemic autoimmune diseases, with underestimation of the problem and undertreatment of the related condition

Audio-vestibular symptoms in systemic autoimmune diseases

Immune-mediated inner ear disease can be primary, when the autoimmune response is against the inner ear, or secondary. The latter is characterized by the involvement of the ear in the presence of systemic autoimmune conditions. Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common audiovestibular symptom associated with systemic autoimmune diseases, although conductive hearing impairment may also be present. Hearing loss may present in a sudden, slowly, rapidly progressive or fluctuating form, and is mostly bilateral and asymmetric. Hearing loss shows a good response to corticosteroid therapy that may lead to near-complete hearing restoration. Vestibular symptoms, tinnitus, and aural fullness can be found in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases; they often mimic primary inner ear disorders such as Menière’s disease and mainly affect both ears simultaneously. Awareness of inner ear involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases is essential for the good response shown to appropriate treatment. However, it is often misdiagnosed due to variable clinical presentation, limited knowledge, sparse evidence, and lack of specific diagnostic tests. The aim of this review is to analyse available evidence, often only reported in the form of case reports due to the rarity of some of these conditions, of the different clinical presentations of audiological and vestibular symptoms in systemic autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases

Autoimunosne bolesti su vrlo heterogena skupina bolesti, koje imaju zajedničku karakteristiku, a to je proizvodnja autoreaktivnih T-stanica ili autoreaktivnih antitijela. Svaka autoimunosna bolest zasebno pogađa vrlo mali broj ljudi, ali ukupno oko 5% svjetske populacije boluje od autoimunosnih bolesti, zbog čega su one predmet multidisciplinarnih istraživanja, posebno u posljednjih 50-ak godina. U radu je kratko izložena povijest imunoloških otkrića, te prvih razmišljanja o autoimunosnim bolestima, zatim su radi boljeg razumijevanja sadržaja rada opisane osnove imunoloških procesa. Pažnja je usredotočena na same autoimunosne bolesti, organospecifične i organonespecifične, te je opisano nekoliko primjera da bi se dobio uvid u nekoliko različitih mehanizama kojima dolazi do razvoja autoimunosnih bolesti. Konačno, samo ukratko, opisane su metode istraživanja na životinjskim modelima, te metode liječenja autoimunosnih bolesti.Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous group of diseases that have a few characteristics in common; they are accompanied by the production of selfreactive T-cells and autoantibodies. Each autoimmune disease individually affects only a small number of people, but approximately 5% of human population suffers of autoimmune diseases. This is the reason why they are subject of multidisciplinary researches, especially in last 50 years. This paper shortly presents history of immunologic researches, and early thoughts about autoimmune diseases. For better understanding of the contents, elemental features of immunologic processes are described. The focuses of this paper are autoimmune diseases themselves, organ-specific and organ-nonspecific, and few of them are described to get a better insight into the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. Finally, some methods of researches on animal models, and some approaches of autoimmune diseases treatments are described

Autoimmune diseases and their manifestations on oral cavity: diagnosis and clinical management

Oral signs are frequently the first manifestation of autoimmune diseases. For this reason, dentists play an important role in the detection of emerging autoimmune pathologies. Indeed, an early diagnosis can play a decisive role in improving the quality of treatment strategies as well as quality of life. This can be obtained thanks to specific knowledge of oral manifestations of autoimmune diseases. This review is aimed at describing oral presentations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and Behcet disease

Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune disease represents a group of more than 60 different chronic autoimmune diseases that affect approximately 6% of the population. Autoimmune diseases arise when ones immune system actively targets and destroys self tissue resulting in clinical disease with prime examples such as Lupus and Type 1 diabetes. The immune system is designed to protect us from foreign pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. However, during the process of generating immune cells for this purpose, as a negative consequence, self-reactive immune cells are also generated. This book aims to present the latest knowledge and insights regarding the different contributing factors and their interplay, discussions on several autoimmune diseases and their case studies, and therapeutic treatments, including stem cell, for autoimmune diseases

Infectious diseases and autoimmunity

Introduction: Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system recognizes and attacks host tissue. In addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers (in particular viruses, bacteria and other infectious pathogens) are thought to play a major role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Methodology: We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus without time limits for relevant articles. Results: In this review, we (i) describe the ways in which an infectious agent can initiate or exacerbate autoimmunity; (ii) discuss the evidence linking certain infectious agents to autoimmune diseases in humans; and (iii) describe the animal models used to study the link between infection and autoimmunity. Conclusions: Besides genetic predisposition to autoimmunity, viral and bacterial infections are known to be involved in the initiation and promotion of autoimmune diseases. These studies suggest that pathogens can trigger autoimmunity through molecular mimicry and their adjuvant effects during initiation of disease, and can promote autoimmune responses through bystander activation or epitope spreading via inflammation and/or superantigens.</br

Intestinal microbiota influences non-intestinal related autoimmune diseases

Indexación: Scopus.The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These microorganisms are present in the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities, and genital tract. In fact, it has been described that the microbiota contributes to balancing the immune system to maintain host homeostasis. The gut is a vital organ where microbiota can influence and determine the function of cells of the immune system and contributes to preserve the wellbeing of the individual. Several articles have emphasized the connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease with dysbiosis or an imbalance in the microbiota composition in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the microbiota in autoimmune pathologies affecting other tissues than the intestine. This article focuses on what is known about the role that gut microbiota can play in the pathogenesis of non-intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Grave's diseases, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss as to how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used as potential therapies for non-intestinal autoimmune diseases. © 2018 Opazo, Ortega-Rocha, Coronado-Arrázola, Bonifaz, Boudin, Neunlist, Bueno, Kalergis and Riedel.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432/ful

Sialendoscopic management of autoimmune sialadenitis: a review of literature

Autoimmune diseases of major salivary glands include Sjögren's syndrome and a complex of disorders classified as immunoglobulin G4-related diseases. These pathologies are characterised by an autoimmune reaction mediated by T-helper lymphocytes that targets the ducts of exocrine glands in Sjögren's syndrome and glandular parenchyma in immunoglobulin G4-related diseases. Immunoglobulin G4-related diseases represent recently introduced multi-organ diseases that also involve the salivary glands. However, the morbid conditions once known as Mikulicz's disease and Kuttner's tumour were recently considered as two variants of immunoglobulin G4-related diseases affecting the major salivary glands ( immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis). This review briefly summarises the pathogenesis and clinical features of autoimmune diseases of the major salivary glands, focusing on the diagnostic and therapeutic role of sialendoscopy