Applying computational intelligence to a real-world container loading problem in a warehouse environment

One of the problems presented in the day-to-day running of a warehouse is that of optimally selecting and loading groups of heavy rectangular palletised goods into larger rectangular containers while satisfying a number of practical constraints. The research presented in this thesis was commissioned by the logistics department in NSK Europe Ltd, for the purpose of providing feasible solutions to this problem. The problem is a version of the Container Loading Problem in the literature, and it is an active research area with many practical applications in industry. Most of the advances made in this area focus more on the optimisation of container utility i.e. volume or weight capacity, with very few focusing on the practical feasibility of the loading layout or pattern produced. Much of the work done also addresses only a few practical constraints at a time, leaving out a number of constraints that are of importance in real-world container loading. As this problem is well known to be a combinatorial NPhard problem, the exact mathematical methods that exist for solving it are computationally feasible for only problem instances with small sizes. For these reasons, this thesis investigates the use of computational intelligence techniques for solving and providing near-optimum solutions to this problem while simultaneously satisfying a number of practical constraints that must be considered for the solutions provided to be feasible. In proposing a solution to this problem and dealing with all the constraints considered, an algorithmic framework that decomposes the CLPs into sub-problems is presented. Each subproblem is solved using an appropriate algorithm, and a combination of constraints particular to each problem is satisfied. The resulting hybrid algorithm solves the entire problem as a whole and satisfies all the considered constraints. In order to identify and select feasible container layouts that are practical and easy to load, a measure of disorder, based on the concept of entropy in physics and information theory, is derived. Finally, a novel method of directing a Monte-Carlo tree search process using the derived entropy measure is employed, to generate loading layouts that are comparable to those produced by expert human loaders. In summary, this thesis presents a new approach for dealing with real-world container loading in a warehouse environment, particularly in instances where layout complexity is of major importance; such as the loading of heavy palletised goods using forklift trucks. The approach can be used to deal with a number of relevant practical constraints that need to be satisfied simultaneously, including those encountered when the heavy goods are arranged and physically packed into a container using forklift trucks

Gamification of warehousing: exploring perspectives of warehouse managers in the UK

Contemporary warehouses are key links in the supply chains in competitive global business environments and with rapidly evolving trends in technology they need to adapt to the evolving needs of customers. Gamification recently emerged as a potential means of improving employee engagement leading to increased operational efficiency. This article therefore explores the perspectives of warehouse managers in the UK on gamification of warehousing activities. The findings suggest that gamification is applicable in the warehousing context with potential benefits such as improved worker engagement, increased morale and productivity, enforced competition, increased accuracy, and skills development. However, there are also significant barriers to effective implementation – these include resource constraints, gamification efficacy over time, ethical considerations, and ensuring fairness for all players. The findings from this study provide some valuable insights, thereby providing a rational basis for potentially fruitful future research in this area of growing interest

Real-time Simulation of a Mobile Machine

Real-time simulation is becoming a useful tool to improve products and efficiency in product development. Being able to perform real-time dynamic analysis on a virtual prototype helps engineers improve products faster, with a reduction in the associated costs. The possibility to analyse complex systems using powerful software that enable the creation of simpler models which can accurately represent these systems, allows the use of tools to perform numerical integrations and dynamic analysis in a faster, simpler, and easier way. With the growth of real-time simulation, gamified simulations are also improving and becoming a tool for product development. The goal of turning mechanical simulations into game-like environments is to encourage users to test products, providing important information to manufacturers, and making the product development to be more customer oriented. This thesis explores two topics. The first part consists of developing a dynamic analysis of a forklift, using the existing theoretical definitions and implementing them using Mevea software. The system’s behaviour will be studied by imposing different conditions and comparing the outcomes (differences in the behaviour of the machine). The second part aims at using the developed model to create a gamified simulation. The simulation should become user-friendly with a goal and tasks to be performed, encouraging users to test the created model. All this is achieved by adding different game elements. Ultimately, the goal of the simulation is to obtain information from the users about their experience, to improve the model and, consequently, the forklift, to suit the needs of the users. The goal of this thesis is to understand the benefits of real-time dynamic analysis, as well as to evaluate gamified simulations as a tool for engineers to get important information during product development

An Exploration of the Use of Gamification in Agile Software Development

Although Project Management has existed for many millennia, software project management is relatively new. As a discipline, software project management is considered difficult. The reasons for this include that software development is non-deterministic; opaque and delivered under ever-increasing time pressure in a volatile environment. Evolving from Incremental and Iterative Development (IID), Agile methodologies have attempted to address these issues by focusing on frequent delivery; working closely with the customer; being responsive to change and preferring working software to extensive documentation. This focus on delivery rather than documentation has sometimes been misrepresented as no documentation, which has led to a shortfall in project metrics. Gamification has its roots in motivation. The aim of gamification is to persuade users to behave in a manner set out by the designer of the gamification. This is achieved by adding game mechanics or elements from games into non-game applications. This dissertation examines the use of gamification in Agile projects and includes an empirical experiment that examines the use of gamification on Agile project tracking. Project tracking is an element of software engineering that acts as a de-motivator for software engineers. Software Engineers are highly motivated by independence and growth, while project tracking is seen as boring work. The dissertation experiment identifies a methodology for applying gamification experiments and then implements an experiment. The result was an overall improvement in project tracking. The experiment needs to be expanded to be run over a longer period of time and a more varied group of development teams

Study in supply chain design

Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-83).Corporations are increasingly looking at ways to incorporate environmental sustainability initiatives into their businesses to lower operating costs and improve the value of their brands for customers that expect higher social responsibility from corporations. These environmental initiatives, often called "win-win" for their dual effect on long-term shareholder value, are easy to identify but often hard to incorporate into existing operations. One such initiative in the retail industry involves delivering products to customers in reusable plastic cartons, rather than corrugated cardboard. One of the largest challenges when designing and implementing this type of supply chain system is developing a reverse logistics strategy that ensures carton return by the consumers, whom the corporation must convince to participate in closing the logistics loop. This thesis analyzes a pilot program conducted by a consumer products company, referred to as the Sponsor, where reusable plastic cartons were used to deliver orders to one of their corporate customers. Process mapping, qualitative interviews, and data analysis were utilized to understand factors contributing to the unacceptably high rate of carton attrition. Using the results of this analysis, two new design tracks are proposed for the delivery of the Sponsor's products at MIT. One design relies on the current operating systems and structures to minimize investment by the Sponsor, while the other design is aimed at maximizing effort to optimize the system. The proposed programs consider both operational practicalities in the logistical design and communication and incentive efforts that are needed to drive consumer behavior to maximize carton return and lower attrition rates. We believe the recommended implementation of the maximized effort design will result in lower carton attrition, which will provide the necessary proof of concept for the Sponsor to roll the program out to additional customers.by Erin Mulvey Connolly and Emily Keane.M.Eng.in Logistic

CELSciTech towards Downstream and Commercialization of Research

The Institute for Research and Community Service of Universitas Muhammadiyah Ria

Usability of Real Time Data for Cold Chain Monitoring Systems

One in every nine people on earth do not have enough food to lead a healthy life, according to The World Food Programme. That\u27s nearly 800 million people. In addition to that, billions of tons of perishable food products are wasted during transportation and logistics before it reaches the end consumers as thousands of people die every day due to hunger related causes. Perishable foods, medicine and other goods impose severe challenges on inventory management. Businesses debate on whether to keep limited stock just to meet demand and fear losing additional customers or keep excess stock and face the risk of expiry of goods. Unlike the transportation of other goods, perishable food products and medicines undergo tremendous degradation in quality as a function of environmental conditions over time. Perishable food products are usually stored in frozen and refrigerated condition at the distribution centers, supermarkets and during the transit in order to preserve the quality of food and extend the shelf life. Even though, temperature controlled supply chain in the food retail sector has become commonplace, there is one major limitation of the current practice in the chilled food chain management. The printed \u27sell-by-date\u27 is not a true indicator of the quality of the product as it does not reflect the temperature variations during distribution at the different stages of the food supply chain. The food quality is severely compromised when actual environmental conditions deviate from the expected conditions. This research proposes the use of real-time sensor data to support supply chain decisions and describe a model for gauging and improving usability on the real-time sensor data. Data reported through the wireless sensor networks could help in predicting the shelf-life of perishable food products and preventing them from spoilage. Use of sensor data would encourage data driven decision making rather than intuition. The findings would encourage businesses operating in the cold chain environment in exploring value added innovation opportunities through internet of things use cases and improve the usability experience and competitiveness of their supply chains via warehouse workers and truck drivers

The Digital Transformation of Logistics from a Human-Centred Perspective

Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation befasst sich mit der digitalen Transformation in der Logistik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen des Transformationsprozesses auf die Beschäftigten in dieser Branche. Ziel der kumulativen Dissertation ist es, ein tiefergehendes Verständnis der Entwicklungen zu bekommen, die unter dem Begriff Logistik 4.0 verstanden werden können und zu untersuchen, welche Auswirkungen dies für die zukünftige Arbeit in der Logistik, insbesondere im Lager, haben wird. Die kumulative Dissertation besteht aus fünf Artikeln, die in wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht bzw. eingereicht wurden und kann grob in drei Teile untergliedert werden: Im ersten Teil der kumulativen Dissertation, der aus dem ersten Artikel besteht, wird der inhaltliche Kern, Logistik 4.0, aufbauend auf dem Begriff und der Forschung zum Thema Industrie 4.0 definiert und auf breiter Basis der aktuelle Forschungsstand dargestellt. Dies bildet die inhaltliche und thematische Grundlage für die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen. Der zweite Teil der kumulativen Dissertation fokussiert auf empirische Grundlagen und einen methodischen Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Menschen-zentrierten Gestaltung der Logistik 4.0, indem zunächst die Auswirkungen der Entwicklung zur Logistik 4.0 auf die Beschäftigten in der Intralogistik, genauer auf ihre Arbeitsplatzmerkmale, untersucht werden. Dies dient dazu, die konkret wahrgenommenen Veränderungen zu erfassen, die Bedeutung des Transformationsprozesses zu verifizieren und den Einfluss seiner technischen Bestandteile auf die Veränderungen der Arbeitsplatzmerkmale zu analysieren. Wenngleich in diesem zweiten Artikel der kumulativen Dissertation deutliche Veränderungen der Arbeitsplatzmerkmale in der Logistik 4.0 aufgezeigt werden konnten, zeigte eine quantitative Analyse von Forschungsarbeiten im dritten Artikel dieser kumulativen Dissertation auf, dass die Forschung sich bei der Gestaltung von Industrie 4.0 auf technische Änderungen fokussiert. Daher wird abschließend im dritten Kapitel ein allgemein anwendbares, theoriebasiertes, systematisches Analysewerkzeug entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, die Auswirkungen der Einführung von Industrie 4.0 und Logistik 4.0 Elementen auf die involvierten Menschen zu untersuchen und die möglichen Folgen für das Gesamtsystem zu antizipieren. Im abschließenden dritten Teil dieser kumulativen Dissertation erfolgt ein genauerer Blick auf die Auswirkungen der Entwicklung zur Logistik 4.0 auf die Kommissionierung als einen zentralen, zumeist arbeitsintensiven Prozess in der logistischen Kette. In Artikel 4 wird daher zunächst das Feld einer Kommissionierung 4.0 strukturiert, um darauf aufbauend zu untersuchen, welche technischen und prozessualen Lösungen die Wissenschaft für eine gleichermaßen menschengerechte und ökonomische Kommissionierung unter den sich wandelnden Anforderungen betrachtet hat. Es zeigt sich, dass ein aus ökonomischer und sozialer Perspektive vielversprechendes Kommissioniersystem, die hybride Kommissionierung, bislang kaum untersucht wurde. Dies erfolgt daher im abschließenden fünften Artikel dieser kumulativen Dissertation, in dem ein Beispiel für ein kollaboratives, hybrides Kommissioniersystem untersucht wird, in dem Menschen und autonome Roboter gemeinsam im selben Lagerbereich Aufträge kommissionieren. Die Artikel greifen zur Untersuchung der Themenschwerpunkte auf verschiedene Methoden unterschiedlicher Disziplinen zurück und stützen sich auf ein breites theoretisches Fundament. Methodisch wird in Artikel 1, der die konzeptionelle Grundlage der Logistik 4.0 behandelt, zunächst ein konzeptioneller Ordnungsrahmen entwickelt, mit dem der Begriff und die Bestandteile des Konzepts Logistik 4.0 abgeleitet werden. Hierbei werden insbesondere zwei Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigt: Neue Anforderungen an die Logistik sowie neue technologische Möglichkeiten. Anschließend wird mittels eines systematischen Literaturüberblicks der aktuelle Stand der Forschung zu Logistik 4.0 strukturiert untersucht. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den technologischen Anwendungen in der Logistik und wie diese die Logistik verändern. Auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden der Ordnungsrahmen zu Logistik 4.0 detailliert und zukünftige Forschungsperspektiven herausgearbeitet – es wird gezeigt, dass die Auswirkungen der Transformation auf menschliche Faktoren nur in geringem Maße in der analysierten Literatur diskutiert wurden. Im methodischen Fokus von Artikel 2 der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation steht daher die Durchführung und Auswertung von teil-strukturierten Interviews, die mit Beschäftigten aus sieben Unternehmen geführt wurden, um die Ausprägungen und Zusammenhänge zwischen Arbeitsplatzmerkmalen und der Intralogistik 4.0-Reife zu untersuchen. Auf der Grundlage des Work Design Questionnaire wurden die Interviews in Bezug auf 21 Arbeitsplatzmerkmale mit 16 Angestellten in der Intralogistik geführt und zusätzlich die Intralogistik 4.0 Reife der Arbeitsplätze bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Logistik 4.0 signifikanten Einfluss auf die Arbeitsplatzmerkmale hat und die Effekte sowohl positiv als auch negativ in Bezug auf Arbeitszufriedenheit und Motivation sein können. Im Wesentlichen ist die Art und Intensität des Einflusses in den zumeist manuellen Prozessen abhängig von der Art der genutzten Technologien, Automatisierung oder Digitalisierung. In Artikel 3 wird zunächst eine quantitative Inhaltsanalyse durchgeführt, in der die Themenschwerpunkte bisheriger Forschung zu Industrie 4.0 nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zwar unterschiedliche Rollen von Menschen identifiziert werden, menschliche Faktoren im Vergleich zu technischen Faktoren jedoch eine deutlich untergeordnete Rolle in der Forschung erhalten. Anschließend wird auf Basis von fünf Theorie-Bausteinen ein methodisches Vorgehensmodell zur Analyse der Einflüsse von Industrie 4.0-induzierten Änderungen auf ein bestehendes Arbeitssystems abgeleitet. Anhand zweier Beispiele wird die Methodik veranschaulicht und die Praxistauglichkeit exemplarisch aufgezeigt. Artikel 4 und 5 fokussieren daraufhin den Kommissionierprozess im Zusammenhang mit Logistik 4.0 und untersuchen zunächst in Artikel 4 mittels eines konzeptionellen Ordnungsrahmens und eines systematischen Literaturüberblicks den aktuellen Stand der Forschung in diesem Bereich. Der Ordnungsrahmen unterscheidet nach substituierenden technischen Systemen im Kommissionierprozess und unterstützenden Technologien und stuft diese qualitativ basierend auf dem Grad der Automatisierung ab. Darauf aufbauend werden vier verschiedene Kommissioniersysteme klassifiziert und drei von ihnen in einem systematischen Literaturüberblick analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Unterrepräsentierung hybrider Kommissioniersysteme, obwohl diese aus einer soziotechnischen Perspektive vielversprechende Möglichkeiten bieten. Hierauf aufbauend wird in Artikel 5 ein hybrides Kommissioniersystem bestehend aus menschlichen Kommissionierern und Kommissionierrobotern, die innerhalb eines Arbeitsbereichs kommissionieren, abgeleitet, das aufbauend auf den ökonomischen und sozialen Zielen vielversprechend erscheint. In einer agentenbasierten Simulationsstudie – die besonders geeignet ist um das Verhalten eines Systems basierend auf den Interaktionen verschiedener Akteure aufgrund individueller Verhaltensregeln zu analysieren - werden die Interaktion der technischen und menschlichen Teilsysteme untersucht und der Einfluss von Routenstrategien genauer betrachtet. In einer kritischen Diskussion der Annahmen des idealisierten Systems der Simulationsstudie wird aufgezeigt, dass hybride Systeme vielversprechende Ergebnisse für reale Anwendungen darstellen und geeignet sind, sowohl die Systemeffizienz, als auch die Arbeit der menschlichen Kommissionierer zu verbessern

SusTrainable: Promoting Sustainability as a Fundamental Driver in Software Development Training and Education. 2nd Teacher Training, January 23-27, 2023, Pula, Croatia. Revised lecture notes

This volume exhibits the revised lecture notes of the 2nd teacher training organized as part of the project Promoting Sustainability as a Fundamental Driver in Software Development Training and Education, held at the Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Croatia, in the week January 23-27, 2023. It is the Erasmus+ project No. 2020-1-PT01-KA203-078646 - Sustrainable. More details can be found at the project web site https://sustrainable.github.io/ One of the most important contributions of the project are two summer schools. The 2nd SusTrainable Summer School (SusTrainable - 23) will be organized at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in the week July 10-14, 2023. The summer school will consist of lectures and practical work for master and PhD students in computing science and closely related fields. There will be contributions from Babe\c{s}-Bolyai University, E\"{o}tv\"{o}s Lor\'{a}nd University, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Radboud University Nijmegen, Roskilde University, Technical University of Ko\v{s}ice, University of Amsterdam, University of Coimbra, University of Minho, University of Plovdiv, University of Porto, University of Rijeka. To prepare and streamline the summer school, the consortium organized a teacher training in Pula, Croatia. This was an event of five full days, organized by Tihana Galinac Grbac and Neven Grbac. The Juraj Dobrila University of Pula is very concerned with the sustainability issues. The education, research and management are conducted with sustainability goals in mind. The contributions in the proceedings were reviewed and provide a good overview of the range of topics that will be covered at the summer school. The papers in the proceedings, as well as the very constructive and cooperative teacher training, guarantee the highest quality and beneficial summer school for all participants.Comment: 85 pages, 8 figures, 3 code listings and 1 table; editors: Tihana Galinac Grbac, Csaba Szab\'{o}, Jo\~{a}o Paulo Fernande

The Impact of Batch Size on Worker Stress Perception

The current global competitiveness has led organizations to improve their processes, and Lean Production has been a responsive tool to cost reduction and efficiency improvement. Batch size plays an important role in production control, encompassing the introduction of Lean Production in several organizations. However, the application and sustainability of Lean Production have had their effectiveness contested. Several authors explain that the continuous search for improvement has created pressure among the workforce impacting their stress levels and well-being, causing issues in focus control, authority, moral disengagement, and others. This study aims to check the impact that Batch size has on the workforce stress perception. Using the NIOSH Generic Job-Stress Questionnaire (GJBQ), a Pilot Study was performed to check the reliability of the instrument. Subsequently, a Batch size Simulation using Lego Blocks to simulate a factory environment was performed with 50 participants and three trials with different Batch size s of 10, 5, and 1 respectively. A set of different roles were played by the participants, and that wasdivided into two categories (i) operators and (ii) Production supervisors. The GJSQ was applied at the end of each trial. Six factors were analyzed: (i) mental demands, (ii) quantitative workload, (iii) variance in workload, (iv) role conflict, (v) role ambiguity, and workload using Factors Analysis. Results indicate that the items are grouped differently from those proposed by NIOSH, indicating the existence of a new factor – Cognitive Demand. Results also indicated that the perception of stress increased while the Batch size decreased.Furthermore, males tend to have higher stress scores than females. The operational staff tends to present higher levels of stress whereas when moving from a Batch size of 10 to 1, the Production supervisors staff stress levels reduced. Responsibility for People increased in all trials, and within the roles, Variance in Workload increased only for the operators, and Quantitative Workload only for administrative roles. On the other hand, Cognitive Demands, and Mental Demand was reduced