Application of sliding-mode control to the design of a buck-based sinusoidal generator

This paper is devoted to the design of a sliding-mode control scheme for a buck-based inverter, with programmable amplitude, frequency, and DC offset, with no external sinusoidal reference required. A general procedure for obtaining an autonomous (time independent) switching surface from a time-dependent one is presented. For this surface, the system exhibits a zeroth-order dynamics in sliding motion. On the other hand, from the sliding-domain analysis, a set of design restrictions is established in terms of the inverter output filter Bode diagram and the output signal parameters (amplitude, frequency and DC offset), facilitating the subsequent design procedure. The control scheme is robust with respect to both power-stage parameter variations and external disturbances and can be implemented by means of conventional electronic circuitry. Simulations and experimental results for both reactive and nonlinear loads are presented.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Application of Sliding Mode Control to the design of a Buck-based sinusoidal Generator

This paper is devoted to the design of a sliding-mode control scheme for a buck-based inverter, with programmable amplitude, frequency, and dc offset, with no external sinusoidal reference required. A general procedure for obtaining an autonomous (time independent) switching surface from a time-dependent one is presented. For this surface, the system exhibits a zeroth-order dynamics in sliding motion. On the other hand, from the sliding-domain analysis, a set of design restrictions is established in terms of the inverter output filter Bode diagram and the output signal parameters (amplitude, frequency and dc offset), facilitating the subsequent design procedure. The control scheme is robust with respect to both power-stage parameter variations and external disturbances and can be implemented by means of conventional electronic circuitry. Simulations and experimental results for both reactive and nonlinear loads are presented.Peer Reviewe

Active Output Filter with a Novel Control Strategy and a Structure for Passive Filter Reduction of DC-DC Converter

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2016. 2. 조보형.본 연구에서는 새로운 제어 전략과 구조의 능동 출력 필터를 제시하고 이를 통해 기존의 DC-DC 컨버터가 가지는 한계를 극복한다. 기존 DC-DC 컨버터에서 수동 필터는 출력 전압 규제를 만족하기 위한 최소값 이상으로 설계된다. 스위칭 주파수를 증가시켜 그 최소값을 낮출 수 있으나 스위칭 주파수에 비례해 증가하는 스위칭 손실로 인해 제한된다. 이러한 제약을 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 컨버터의 출력단에 병렬로 연결된 능동 출력 필터를 통해 상시적으로 메인 컨버터의 스위칭 리플 전류를 상쇄하고 부하 변동 시에는 메인 컨버터보다 빠르게 응답을 하도록 하여 메인 컨버터의 수동 필터의 역할을 대신하는 방식을 제안한다. 능동 출력 필터는 저압-저전력으로 구동하므로 메인 컨버터와 달리 큰 전력 손실 없이 고속 스위칭이 가능하며 이를 통해 능동 출력 필터는 높은 제어 대역폭 확보가 가능하다. 기존의 능동 출력 필터를 활용한 연구들은 이러한 높은 제어 대역폭을 활용하지 못하였으나 본 연구에서는 새로운 제어 전략을 통해 이를 가능하도록 한다. 또한, 전류 센서나 복잡한 제어 방식 없이 일반적인 전압 제어만으로 구현할 수 있도록 하여 가격도 저감할 수 있도록 하였다. 능동 출력 필터의 제어 대역폭이 충분히 높지 않아도 스위칭 리플 상쇄가 가능하도록 시비율 피드포워드 기법을 제안하였으며 회로 설계의 용이함과 가격 저감을 위한 해법도 제시하였다. 이를 통해 스위칭 전압 리플 저감과 부하 변동 시 전압 변동 폭 저감을 모두 구현하여 기존의 수동 필터의 역할을 실질적으로 대체한다. 또한, 제안하는 방식을 다중 출력 컨버터로 확장하여 기존의 다권선 변압기를 이용한 다중 출력 컨버터가 가지는 한계를 극복한다. 다권선 변압기를 이용한 다중 출력 컨버터는 가격, 부피 등에서 이점이 있으나 각각의 출력 전압을 정밀하게 제어하지 못하는 문제가 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 기존의 기법들은 효율과 가격 등의 문제를 가지고 있어 최근 확산되는 디지털 기기용 전력 변환 컨버터에 요구되는 고성능 전압 제어, 고효율, 소형화, 가격 저감이라는 목표에 부합하지 못하고 있다. 이에, 제안하는 능동 출력 필터를 통해 다권선 변압기의 교차 제어로 인한 오차 성분만을 보정하여 작은 손실로 각각의 출력을 정밀하게 제어한다. 또한, 오차 보정을 위한 단자 간 전류를 분석하여 출력 전압의 기준치 변경을 통해 제안하는 방식의 효율을 더 증가시킬 수 있음을 확인한다. 제안하는 시스템의 안정성 확보를 위해 소신호 분석을 진행하고 이를 기반으로 안정적이고 빠른 전압 제어기를 설계한다. 제안한 방식을 이용한 다중 출력 시스템에서 복잡해지는 제어기 설계 문제를 해결하기 위해 시스템을 근사화하는 방식을 제안하고 검증하였으며 이를 통해 설계 및 확장을 용이하게 한다.제 1 장 서론 1 1.1 연구의 배경 1 1.2 연구의 목적 및 범위 20 1.3 논문의 구성 23 제 2 장 능동 출력 필터를 이용한 DC-DC 컨버터 25 2.1 기존의 능동 출력 필터 25 2.2 제안하는 능동 출력 필터 29 2.2.1 구조 및 동작 원리 29 2.2.2 시비율 피드포워드 34 2.3 제안하는 다중 출력 컨버터 40 2.3.1 교차 제어로 인한 전압 오차 보정을 위한 단자 간 전류 제어 40 2.3.2 능동 출력 필터를 이용한 단자 간 전류 제어 42 제 3 장 컨버터 설계 및 효율 분석 46 3.1 컨버터 설계 46 3.1.1 토폴로지 선정 49 3.1.2 능동 소자 선정 52 3.1.3 수동 필터 설계 53 3.1.4 수동 소자 선정 65 3.1.5 수동 소자의 부피 71 3.2 단자 간 전류를 고려한 설계 73 3.2.1 단자 간 전류 분석 73 3.2.2 기준 전압 조정 기법 76 3.3 효율 분석 78 제 4 장 소신호 분석 및 제어기 설계 84 4.1 시스템 근사화를 통한 소신호 모델 84 4.1.1 단일 출력 85 4.1.2 다중 출력 93 4.2 제어기 설계 및 근사화 분석의 검증 96 4.2.1 단일 출력 97 4.2.2 이중 출력 103 제 5 장 실험 결과 110 5.1 정상 상태 측정 결과 110 5.2 부하 변동 측정 결과 114 5.3 효율 측정 결과 117 5.3.1 단일 출력 117 5.3.2 이중 출력 119 제 6 장 결론 및 향후 과제 124 6.1 결론 124 6.1.1 새로운 제어 전략 125 6.1.2 시비율 피드포워드 125 6.1.3 다권선 변압기의 교차 제어 오차 보정 126 6.1.4 능동 출력 필터를 이용한 교차 제어 오차 보정 126 6.1.5 설계 가이드 제시 127 6.1.6 안정성 분석 127 6.2 향후 과제 129 6.2.1 Hold-Up 캐패시터의 대체 129 6.2.2 적용 토폴로지 확장 132 6.2.3 경부하 효율 향상 133 참고문헌 134 부 록 150 Abstract 175Docto

Application of Sliding Mode Control to the design of a Buck-based sinusoidal Generator

This paper is devoted to the design of a sliding-mode control scheme for a buck-based inverter, with programmable amplitude, frequency, and dc offset, with no external sinusoidal reference required. A general procedure for obtaining an autonomous (time independent) switching surface from a time-dependent one is presented. For this surface, the system exhibits a zeroth-order dynamics in sliding motion. On the other hand, from the sliding-domain analysis, a set of design restrictions is established in terms of the inverter output filter Bode diagram and the output signal parameters (amplitude, frequency and dc offset), facilitating the subsequent design procedure. The control scheme is robust with respect to both power-stage parameter variations and external disturbances and can be implemented by means of conventional electronic circuitry. Simulations and experimental results for both reactive and nonlinear loads are presented.Peer Reviewe

Application of Sliding Mode Control to the design of a Buck-based sinusoidal Generator

This paper is devoted to the design of a sliding-mode control scheme for a buck-based inverter, with programmable amplitude, frequency, and dc offset, with no external sinusoidal reference required. A general procedure for obtaining an autonomous (time independent) switching surface from a time-dependent one is presented. For this surface, the system exhibits a zeroth-order dynamics in sliding motion. On the other hand, from the sliding-domain analysis, a set of design restrictions is established in terms of the inverter output filter Bode diagram and the output signal parameters (amplitude, frequency and dc offset), facilitating the subsequent design procedure. The control scheme is robust with respect to both power-stage parameter variations and external disturbances and can be implemented by means of conventional electronic circuitry. Simulations and experimental results for both reactive and nonlinear loads are presented.Peer Reviewe

Modelling and Control of DC-DC Switching Converters: A Tutorial Perspective

[ES] En este trabajo se presenta de forma tutorial los conceptos básicos de modelado y control de convertidores conmutados continua-continua. Tras definir la Electrónica de Potencia y su dominio de utilización, se presenta la conversión continua-continua (cc-cc) como núcleo básico de aquella y se clasifican los convertidores conmutados cc-cc como sistemas de estructura variable. Se introduce posteriormente la noción de regulador conmutado y se describe el funcionamiento de un modulador de anchura de pulsos para derivar un modelo de tiempo continuo a partir de un análisis de la dinámica promediada del convertidor. A partir del modelo de tiempo continuo del convertidor, se obtiene el modelo dinámico del regulador conmutado y se describen controladores lineales de un solo lazo y controladores en cascada. El control no lineal de convertidores se aborda a partir de la inducción de regímenes deslizantes en las estructuras de potencia. Se establece a continuación la equivalencia de estos sistemas con los que utilizan modulador de anchura de pulsos, y se describen algunas de sus aplicaciones. Finalmente se ofrece una perspectiva de las técnicas de estudio de la dinámica no lineal en convertidores mediante un enfoque generalizado a partir de un modelo de tiempo discreto que permite analizar las bifurcaciones resultantes y controlar el caos.[EN] Basic concepts of modelling and control of DC-to-DC switching converters are presented in a tutorial approach. After defining Power Electronics and its application domain , DC-DC switching conversion is presented as the basic core of the domain, and power converters are classified as variable structure systems. The notion of switching regulator is subsequently introduced and the operation of a pulse width modulator is described to eventually derive a continuous-time model from the averaged converter dynamics . Using the converter continuous-time model, a dynamic model of the switching regulator is obtained and both one-loop and casacaded linear controllers are described. Non-linear control of switching converters is studied through the induction of sliding regimes in power converters . Equivalences between sliding systems and those employing a pulse width modulator are established and some applications are described. Finally, a compilation of techniques for the non-linear dynamics analysis in switching converters is introduced by means of a generalized description based on a discrete-time model that predicts the resulting bifurcations and allows to control the chaos.Martinez Salamero, L.; Cid Pastor, A.; El Aroudi, A.; Giral, R.; Calvente, J. (2009). Modelado y Control de Convertidores Conmutados Continua-Continua: Una perspectiva Tutorial. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 6(4):5-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-7912(09)70104-9OJS52064Alarcón, E., Romero, A., Poveda, A., Porta, S., & Martı́nez-Salamero, L. (2002). Current-mode analogue integrated circuit for sliding-mode control of switching power converters. Electronics Letters, 38(3), 104. doi:10.1049/el:20020081Banerjee, S., Ranjan, P., & Grebogi, C. (2000). Bifurcations in two-dimensional piecewise smooth maps-theory and applications in switching circuits. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 47(5), 633-643. doi:10.1109/81.847870Biel, D., Fossas, E., Guinjoan, F., Alarcon, E., & Poveda, A. (2001). Application of sliding-mode control to the design of a buck-based sinusoidal generator. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 48(3), 563-571. doi:10.1109/41.925583Biel, D., Guinjoan, F., Fossas, E., & Chavarria, J. (2004). Sliding-Mode Control Design of a Boost–Buck Switching Converter for AC Signal Generation. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 51(8), 1539-1551. doi:10.1109/tcsi.2004.832803Calvente, J., Martinez-Salamero, I., Garces, P., & Romero, A. (2003). Zero dynamics-based design of damping networks for switching converters. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 39(4), 1292-1303. doi:10.1109/taes.2003.1261129Capel, A., Clique, M., & Fossard, A. J. (1981). Current Control Modulators: General Theory on Specific Designs. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation, IECI-28(4), 292-307. doi:10.1109/tieci.1981.351054Chan, W. C. Y., & Tse, C. K. (1997). Study of bifurcations in current-programmed DC/DC boost converters: from quasiperiodicity to period-doubling. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 44(12), 1129-1142. doi:10.1109/81.645154Cid-Pastor, A. Energy processing by means of power gyrators (2005). Tesis doctoral, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (http://www.tdx.cesca.es).Cid-Pastor, A., Martinez-Salamero, L., Alonso, C., Estibals, B., Alzieu, J., Schweitz, G., & Shmilovitz, D. (2005). Analysis and design of power gyrators in sliding-mode operation. IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, 152(4), 821. doi:10.1049/ip-epa:20045108Cid-Pastor, A., Schweitz, G., Martinez-Salamero, L., Alonso, C., Calvente, J., & Singer, S. (2006). Synthesis of power gyrators operating at constant switching frequency. IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, 153(6), 842. doi:10.1049/ip-epa:20050529Deane, J. H. B. (1992). Chaos in a current-mode controlled boost DC-DC converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 39(8), 680-683. doi:10.1109/81.168922Deane, J. H. B., & Hamill, D. C. (1990). Instability, subharmonics, and chaos in power electronic systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 5(3), 260-268. doi:10.1109/63.56516Di Bernardo, M., Garefalo, F., Glielmo, L., & Vasca, F. (1998). Switchings, bifurcations, and chaos in DC/DC converters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 45(2), 133-141. doi:10.1109/81.661675El Aroudi, A., Benadero, L., Toribio, E., & Olivar, G. (1999). Hopf bifurcation and chaos from torus breakdown in a PWM voltage-controlled DC-DC boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 46(11), 1374-1382. doi:10.1109/81.802837EL AROUDI, A., BENADERO, L., TORIBIO, E., & MACHICHE, S. (2000). QUASIPERIODICITY AND CHAOS IN THE DC–DC BUCK–BOOST CONVERTER. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 10(02), 359-371. doi:10.1142/s0218127400000232El Aroudi, A., & Leyva, R. (2001). Quasi-periodic route to chaos in a PWM voltage-controlled DC-DC boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 48(8), 967-978. doi:10.1109/81.940187An experimental comparison of several nonlinear controllers for power converters. (1999). IEEE Control Systems, 19(1), 66-82. doi:10.1109/37.745771Fang, C.-C., & Abed, E. H. (2002). Nonlinear Dynamics, 27(3), 295-309. doi:10.1023/a:1014402431119Filippov, A. F. (1964). Differential equations with discontinuous right-hand side. American Mathematical Society Translations: Series 2, 199-231. doi:10.1090/trans2/042/13Fossas, E., & Olivar, G. (1996). Study of chaos in the buck converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 43(1), 13-25. doi:10.1109/81.481457Garcia de Vicuna, L., Poveda, A., Martinez, L., Guinjoan, F., & Majo, J. (1992). Computer-aided discrete-time large-signal analysis of switching regulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 7(1), 75-82. doi:10.1109/63.124579Maixe, J., Leyva, R., Martinez-Salamero, L., & Giral, R. (2000). Sliding-mode control of interleaved boost converters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 47(9), 1330-1339. doi:10.1109/81.883328Guinjoan, F., Calvente, J., Poveda, A., & Martinez, L. (1997). Large-signal modeling and simulation of switching DC-DC converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 12(3), 485-494. doi:10.1109/63.575676Hamill, D. C., & Jeffries, D. J. (1988). Subharmonics and chaos in a controlled switched-mode power converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 35(8), 1059-1061. doi:10.1109/31.1858Kossov, O. (1968). Comparative analysis of chopper voltage regulators with LC filter. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 4(4), 712-715. doi:10.1109/tmag.1968.1066380Leyva, R., Alonso, C., Queinnec, I., Cid-Pastor, A., Lagrange, D., & Martinez-Salamero, L. (2006). MPPT of photovoltaic systems using extremum - seeking control. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 42(1), 249-258. doi:10.1109/taes.2006.1603420Leyva, R., Queinnec, I., Martinez-Salamero, L., Alonso, C., Cid-Pastor, A., & Tarbouriech, S. (2006). Passivity-based integral control of a boost converter for large-signal stability. IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications, 153(2), 139-146. doi:10.1049/ip-cta:20045223Luo, S. (2005). A review of distributed power systems part I: DC distributed power system. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 20(8), 5-16. doi:10.1109/maes.2005.1499272Martinez-Salamero, L., Calvente, J., Giral, R., Poveda, A., & Fossas, E. (1998). Analysis of a bidirectional coupled-inductor Cuk converter operating in sliding mode. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 45(4), 355-363. doi:10.1109/81.669058Martinez-Salamero, L., Valderrama-Blavi, H., Giral, R., Alonso, C., Estibals, B., & Cid-Pastor, A. (2005). Self-oscillating DC-to-DC switching converters with transformer characteristics. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 41(2), 710-716. doi:10.1109/taes.2005.1468760Naim, R., Weiss, G., & Ben-Yaakov, S. (1997). H/sup /spl infin// control applied to boost power converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 12(4), 677-683. doi:10.1109/63.602563Ott, E., Grebogi, C., & Yorke, J. A. (1990). Controlling chaos. Physical Review Letters, 64(11), 1196-1199. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.64.1196Pyragas, K. (2001). Control of Chaos via an Unstable Delayed Feedback Controller. Physical Review Letters, 86(11), 2265-2268. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.86.2265PSIM, Software by Powersim Inc. disponible en www.powersimtech.comSira-Ramirez, H. (1987). Sliding motions in bilinear switched networks. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 34(8), 919-933. doi:10.1109/tcs.1987.1086242Tan, S.-C., Lai, Y. M., & Tse, C. K. (2005). Implementation of Pulse-width-Modulation Based Sliding Mode Controller for Boost Converters. IEEE Power Electronics Letters, 3(4), 130-135. doi:10.1109/lpel.2005.863269Siew-Chong Tan, Lai, Y. M., & Tse, C. K. (2006). A unified approach to the design of PWM-based sliding-mode voltage controllers for basic DC-DC converters in continuous conduction mode. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 53(8), 1816-1827. doi:10.1109/tcsi.2006.879052Tse, C. K. (1994). Flip bifurcation and chaos in three-state boost switching regulators. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 41(1), 16-23. doi:10.1109/81.260215Tymerski, R., & Vorperian, V. (1988). Generation and classification of PWM DC-to-DC converters. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 24(6), 743-754. doi:10.1109/7.18641Utkin, V. I. (1993). Sliding mode control design principles and applications to electric drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 40(1), 23-36. doi:10.1109/41.184818Vidal-Idiarte, E., Martinez-Salamero, L., Valderrama-Blavi, H., Guinjoan, F., & Maixe, J. (2003). Analysis and design of h∞ control of nonminimum phase-switching converters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 50(10), 1316-1323. doi:10.1109/tcsi.2003.816337Vidal-Idiarte, E., Martinez-Salamero, L., Guinjoan, F., Calvente, J., & Gomariz, S. (2004). Sliding and fuzzy control of a boost converter using an 8-bit microcontroller. IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, 151(1), 5. doi:10.1049/ip-epa:20040086Vidal-Idiarte, E., Martinez-Salamero, L., Calvente, J., & Romero, A. (2006). An$H_infty$Control Strategy for Switching Converters in Sliding-Mode Current Control. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 21(2), 553-556. doi:10.1109/tpel.2005.869727Wester, G. W., & Middlebrook, R. D. (1973). Low-Frequency Characterization of Switched dc-dc Converters. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, AES-9(3), 376-385. doi:10.1109/taes.1973.309723Guohui Yuan, Banerjee, S., Ott, E., & Yorke, J. A. (1998). Border-collision bifurcations in the buck converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 45(7), 707-716. doi:10.1109/81.70383