The Effect of Al2O3 Doped and Carbon Coated Li4Ti5O12 on Structures, Morphology and Electrochemical Performance

In this research, Li4Ti5O12 anode with doping Al2O3 and carbon coating was made to determine the effect of doping Al2O3 and carbon coating on crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical performance. Li4Ti5O12 anode material consisting of LiOH.H2O and TiO2 was made with various samples of LTO without doping, LTO doped carbon, LTO doping Al2O3 and carbon using the solid state reaction method. All raw materials are mixed and milled using a Planetary Ball Miller for 2 hours then crushed to become a precursor to Li4Ti5O12. The Li4Ti5O12 precursor was sintered at 850°C for 4 hours. The final product was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the formation of Li4Ti5O12 phases, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to analyze the morphology formed, and Cyclic Voltammetry to determine electrochemical performance. The results of XRD characterization were formed in the Lithium Titanium Oxide (Li4Ti5O12), Dilithium Titanate (Li2TiO3), and Rutile (TiO2) phases. The SEM characterization results on LTO doping carbon, LTO doping Al2O3 and carbon showed a coarser texture compared to the LTO without doping which had a fine texture. The electrochemical performance produced in LTO coating carbon has a slender redox peak in the first cycle, this shows that LTO coating carbon has good electrochemical performance compared to the Al2O3 and carbon doping LTO samples

PENGUJIAN KARAKTERISTIK BATERAI LITHIUM-ION DENGAN METODE FUZZY DENGAN BEBAN BERVARIASI

The use of lithium-ion batteries today is very popular among the electronics world. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles to store electric energy electric vehicles. Government will also make inroads on electric vehicles. The Indonesian government targets that by 2020 it will carry 13 million electric vehicles and by 2030 will reach 100 million. Electric vehicles have no emissions or exhaust gases like conventional vehicles now. Electric vehicles also do not cause environmental pollution because they do not have exhaust gases and do not cause very noisy noise. In the study using fuzzy method and without using fuzzy method and done comparison with simulation results on simulink matlab. The results of lithium-ion battery testing when using fuzzy control with constant current 1,11 ampere obtained a capacity of 2,6 Ah and experienced a battery temperature increase of 2,44 celsius.While testing without using controls with a 10 watt lamp load obtained a battery capacity of 2,07 Ah and a battery temperature increase of 2,71 celsius. And when compared to simulations on simulink matlab obtained a capacity of 2,7 Ah.   Keywords — Lithium-ion Batteries, Fuzzy Inference System, constant current

Тяговый электропривод на основе батареи топливных элементов и бортового инерционного накопителя энергии для мотор-вагонного поезда

The aim of the work is to study the possibility and features of the use of inertial storage devices in the traction electric drive of multi unit train with a power plant based on fuel cells. Methodology. The principle of power flow control in traction electric drives in the modes of acceleration and braking of rolling stock is proposed. The mathematical model of the traction electric drive in the form of the combination of three components: the train, the traction unit and the battery of fuel cells is developed. It was used to study the operation of a traction electric drive when solving a test traction task for rolling stock. Results. It is established that the use of inertial energy storage reduces hydrogen consumption by at least 25 %, which increases the mileage of rolling stock between equipment by more than 30 %. Originality. The traction electric drive on the basis of fuel elements and the inertial energy storage for the multi unit train is offered. The work of the proposed traction electric drive in solving the test traction problem for rolling stock is investigated. Practical significance. A mathematical model of the traction electric drive has been developed. The test traction problem for rolling stock is solved.В роботі розглянуто тяговий електропривод на основі паливних елементів та інерційного накопичувача енергії для мотор-вагонного рухомого складу. Запропоновано принцип керування потоками потужності у тяговому електроприводі у режимах розгону та гальмування рухомого складу. Розроблено математичну модель тягового електропривода у вигляді сукупності трьох складових: поїзда, тягового блока і батареї паливних елементів. За допомогою неї досліджено роботу запропонованого тягового електроприводу при вирішенні тестової тягової задачі для рухомого складу. Встановлено, що застосування інерційного накопичувача енергії зменшує витрати водню не менш ніж на 25 %, що забезпечує збільшення пробігу рухомого складу між екіпіруванням понад 30 %

TRANSPORTATION FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLES PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

In recent years, people have grown to appreciate using electric vehicles as transportation. According to the circumstances, electric vehicle drives have a number of advantages over ICE cars, mainly in terms of reduced local pollutants, increased energy efficiency, and reduced reliance on oil. However, a number of obstacles, such as limitations in battery technology, high purchasing costs, and therefore a lack of recharging infrastructure, are preventing the quick adoption of electric vehicles. To fully replace ICE cars, EVs must first overcome a few significant challenges. The primary focus of this essay is on some crucial details regarding electric vehicles, such as their many types, electrical equipment, and batteries. This paper's goal is to give information on the existing and future state of electric vehicle technolog

The Effect of Voltage Dataset Selection on the Accuracy of Entropy-Based Capacity Estimation Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries

It is important to accurately estimate the capacity of the battery in order to extend the service life of the battery and ensure the reliable operation of the battery energy storage system. As entropy can quantify the regularity of a dataset, it can serve as a feature to estimate the capacity of batteries. In order to analyze the effect of voltage dataset selection on the accuracy of entropy-based estimation methods, six voltage datasets were collected, considering the current direction (i.e., charging or discharging) and the state of charge level. Furthermore, three kinds of entropies (approximate entropy, sample entropy, and multiscale entropy) were introduced, and the relationship between the entropies and the battery capacity was established by using first-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the interaction between the test conditions, entropy features, and estimation accuracy was analyzed. Moreover, the results can be used to select the correct voltage dataset and improve the estimation accuracy

Modular Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converters Tied with Lithium-Ion Batteries for use in Battery Electric Vehicles

Abstract-This paper presents a modular switched-capacitor (SC) dc-dc converter based electric drive system for battery electric vehicles. In such a system, modularized lithium-ion battery cell tied MOSFET SC converters are used instead of the more conventional IGBT boost converter. Following the drive train architecture, the modeling approach for each electrical component, including the battery set, dc-dc and dc-ac converters, ac machines, and their control is discussed. Emphasis is given on state of the art lithium-ion battery models and SC converter design. System level performance is analyzed based on simulation results across drive cycles. Hardware including a three-cell lithium-ion battery tied SC converter module is built and tested. Application notes such as economic and spacing constraints are addressed

Estimation Accuracy and Computational Cost Analysis of Artificial Neural Networks for State of Charge Estimation in Lithium Batteries

This paper presents a tradeoff analysis in terms of accuracy and computational cost between different architectures of artificial neural networks for the State of Charge (SOC) estimation of lithium batteries in hybrid and electric vehicles. The considered layouts are partly selected from the literature on SOC estimation, and partly are novel proposals that have been demonstrated to be effective in executing estimation tasks in other engineering fields. One of the architectures, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network with Exogenous Input (NARX), is presented with an unconventional layout that exploits a preliminary routine, which allows setting of the feedback initial value to avoid estimation divergence. The presented solutions are compared in terms of estimation accuracy, duration of the training process, robustness to the noise in the current measurement, and to the inaccuracy on the initial estimation. Moreover, the algorithms are implemented on an electronic control unit in serial communication with a computer, which emulates a real vehicle, so as to compare their computational costs. The proposed unconventional NARX architecture outperforms the other solutions. The battery pack that is used to design and test the networks is a 20 kW pack for a mild hybrid electric vehicle, whilst the adopted training, validation and test datasets are obtained from the driving cycles of a real car and from standard profiles

A comprehensive review on Bidirectional traction converter for Electric vehicles

In this fast-changing environmental condition, the effect of fossil fuel in vehicle is a significant concern. Many sustainable sources are being studied to replace the exhausting fossil fuel in most of the countries. This paper surveys the types of electric vehicle’s energy sources and current scenario of the on-road electric vehicle and its technical challenges. It summarizes the number of state-of-the-art research progresses in bidirectional dc-dc converters and its control strategies reported in last two decades. The performance of the various topologies of bidirectional dc-dc converters is also tabulated along with their references. Hence, this work will present a clear view on the development of state-of-the-art topologies in bidirectional dc-dc converters. This review paper will be a guide for the researchers for selecting suitable bidirectional traction dc-dc converters for electric vehicle and it gives the clear picture of this research field

A comprehensive review on Bidirectional traction converter for Electric vehicles

In this fast-changing environmental condition, the effect of fossil fuel in vehicle is a significant concern. Many sustainable sources are being studied to replace the exhausting fossil fuel in most of the countries. This paper surveys the types of electric vehicle’s energy sources and current scenario of the on-road electric vehicle and its technical challenges. It summarizes the number of state-of-the-art research progresses in bidirectional dc-dc converters and its control strategies reported in last two decades. The performance of the various topologies of bidirectional dc-dc converters is also tabulated along with their references. Hence, this work will present a clear view on the development of state-of-the-art topologies in bidirectional dc-dc converters. This review paper will be a guide for the researchers for selecting suitable bidirectional traction dc-dc converters for electric vehicle and it gives the clear picture of this research field