Reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite en-ligne par approche combinant systèmes à vastes marges et modèles de Markov cachés

Handwriting recognition is one of the leading applications of pattern recognition and machine learning. Despite having some limitations, handwriting recognition systems have been used as an input method of many electronic devices and helps in the automation of many manual tasks requiring processing of handwriting images. In general, a handwriting recognition system comprises three functional components; preprocessing, recognition and post-processing. There have been improvements made within each component in the system. However, to further open the avenues of expanding its applications, specific improvements need to be made in the recognition capability of the system. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) has been the dominant methods of recognition in handwriting recognition in offline and online systems. However, the use of Gaussian observation densities in HMM and representational model for word modeling often does not lead to good classification. Hybrid of Neural Network (NN) and HMM later improves word recognition by taking advantage of NN discriminative property and HMM representational capability. However, the use of NN does not optimize recognition capability as the use of Empirical Risk minimization (ERM) principle in its training leads to poor generalization. In this thesis, we focus on improving the recognition capability of a cursive online handwritten word recognition system by using an emerging method in machine learning, the support vector machine (SVM). We first evaluated SVM in isolated character recognition environment using IRONOFF and UNIPEN character databases. SVM, by its use of principle of structural risk minimization (SRM) have allowed simultaneous optimization of representational and discriminative capability of the character recognizer. We finally demonstrate the various practical issues in using SVM within a hybrid setting with HMM. In addition, we tested the hybrid system on the IRONOFF word database and obtained favourable results.Nos travaux concernent la reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite qui est l'un des domaines de prédilection pour la reconnaissance des formes et les algorithmes d'apprentissage. Dans le domaine de l'écriture en-ligne, les applications concernent tous les dispositifs de saisie permettant à un usager de communiquer de façon transparente avec les systèmes d'information. Dans ce cadre, nos travaux apportent une contribution pour proposer une nouvelle architecture de reconnaissance de mots manuscrits sans contrainte de style. Celle-ci se situe dans la famille des approches hybrides locale/globale où le paradigme de la segmentation/reconnaissance va se trouver résolu par la complémentarité d'un système de reconnaissance de type discriminant agissant au niveau caractère et d'un système par approche modèle pour superviser le niveau global. Nos choix se sont portés sur des Séparateurs à Vastes Marges (SVM) pour le classifieur de caractères et sur des algorithmes de programmation dynamique, issus d'une modélisation par Modèles de Markov Cachés (HMM). Cette combinaison SVM/HMM est unique dans le domaine de la reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite. Des expérimentations ont été menées, d'abord dans un cadre de reconnaissance de caractères isolés puis sur la base IRONOFF de mots cursifs. Elles ont montré la supériorité des approches SVM par rapport aux solutions à bases de réseaux de neurones à convolutions (Time Delay Neural Network) que nous avions développées précédemment, et leur bon comportement en situation de reconnaissance de mots

Approaching real time dynamic signature verification from a systems and control perspective.

Student Number : 9901877H MSc Dissertation School of Electrical and Information Engineering Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environmentalgorithm. The origins of handwriting idiosyncrasies and habituation are explained using systems theory, and it is shown that the 2/3 power law governing biomechanics motion also applies to handwriting. This leads to the conclusion that it is possible to derive handwriting velocity profiles from a static image, and that a successful forgery of a signature is only possible in the event of the forger being able to generate a signature using natural ballistic motion. It is also shown that significant portion of the underlying dynamic system governing the generation of handwritten signatures can be inferred by deriving time segmented transfer function models of the x and y co-ordinate velocity profiles of a signature. The prototype algorithm consequently developed uses x and y components of pen-tip velocity profiles (vx[n] and vy[n]) to create signature representations based on autoregression-with-exogenous-input (ARX) models. Verification is accomplished using a similarity measure based on the results of a k-step ahead predictor and 5 complementary metrics. Using 350 signatures collected from 21 signers, the system’s false acceptance (FAR) and false rejection (FRR) rates were 2.19% and 27.05% respectively. This high FRR is a result of measurement inadequacies, and it is believed that the algorithm’s FRR is approximately 18%

Quantum correlations in continuous variable mixed states : from discord to signatures

This thesis studies continuous variable mixed states with the aim of better understanding the fundamental behaviour of quantum correlations in such states, as well as searching for applications of these correlations. I first investigate the interesting phenomenon of discord increase under local loss and explain the behaviour by considering the non-orthogonality of quantum states. I then explore the counter-intuitive result where entanglement can be created by a passive optical beamsplitter, even if the input states are classical, as long as the input states are part of a larger globally nonclassical system. This result emphasises the importance of global correlations in a quantum state, and I propose an application of this protocol in the form of quantum dense coding. Finally, I develop a quantum digital signature protocol that can be described entirely using the continuous variable formalism. Quantum digital signatures provide a method to ensure the integrity and provenance of a message using quantum states. They follow a similar method to quantum key distribution (QKD), but require less post-processing, which means they can sometimes be implemented over channels that are inappropriate for QKD. The method I propose uses homodyne measurement to verify the signature, unlike previous protocols that use single photon detection. The single photon detection of previous methods is designed to give unambiguous results about the signature, but this comes at the cost of getting no information much of the time. Using homodyne detection has the advantage of giving results all the time, but this means that measurement results always have some ambiguity. I show that, even with this ambiguity, the signature protocol based on homodyne measurement outperforms previous protocols, with the advantage enhanced when technical considerations are included. Therefore this represents an interesting new direction in the search for a practical quantum digital signature scheme

Amrit Singh and the Birmingham Quean: fictions, fakes and forgeries in a vernacular counterculture

For a literary critic preparing a scholarly edition of a text like this within an epistème that disparages the theory underpinning it for being tainted with the gestural idealism of 1968 and the neon-glare of 1980s high postmodernism, the crucial question is how to reconcile the commitment to authenticity ingrained in historicist textual studies (perhaps the critic’s only viable disciplinary inheritance) with the author’s implicit antagonism to any such quietist approach. The encounter inevitably becomes a battle of wills. In the course of the current project, this theoretical struggle escalates exponentially as doubts concerning the authenticity (and indeed the existence) of both writer and manuscript are multiplied. If a thesis can be retrospectively extrapolated from this project, it is the argument that fiction is demonstrably a tractable forum for research in the Arts and Social Sciences: all the more tractable for its anti-authenticity. The critic’s loss is the novelist’s gain. Specifically, in this case, the faithful historian of late twentieth century literatures, languages and cultures can solve the key dilemma of the subject by working under the auspices of Creative Writing. Only in this way can justice be done to the most cogent intellectual trend of the posmodern period (perhaps its defining feature): one that revelled in its own pluralities, ambiguities and contradictions, and resisted all the unifying, teleological models of ‘history’ that had been implicated in the century’s terrible ‘final solutions’. In other words, only fiction can tell the history of a culture that rejects that history. If this means condoning forgery… so be it

1990-1995 Brock Campus News

A compilation of the administration newspaper, Brock Campus News, for the years 1990 through 1995. It had previously been titled The Blue Badger

The impact of electronic data interchange (EDI) on Irish foreign trade and transport

EDI is a business technology which permits organisations and their business partners to electronically exchange business data directly between their computers without the need for human intervention. EDI was first developed for its inherent economies such as improved efficiency, error and cost reduction. However, the real benefits emerged in other and far more significant areas, particularly in reduced requirements for stockholding and marketing improvements through better service and stronger customer ties. The improved cost base and the exploitation of the new up-to-date information flows led to competitive edge advantage. This advantage was often temporary until the competition caught up, but it created a new situation where access to the technology became a prerequisite for survival. EDI also creates new business opportunities. Success came quickly, particularly where dominant organisations made EDI a pre-condition of future business and forced their suppliers/partners to accept their (proprietary) technology. More co-operatively, many industry sectors came together to establish community systems and developed their own industry specific standards. Problems arose when companies wished to electronically communicate across industry boundaries. To solve this problem, two leading countries, US and UK, developed their own national standards. Next, as a solution for all the problems of proprietary, industry specific and national standards, the United Nations approved a universal standard - EDIFACT, but it is estimated that it will be at least the mid 1990s before it has general adoption. In addition, most networks do not interconnect forcing users to join two or more competing services. There are many technical and other issues which impede its growth, these include availability of software packages, security issues, legal considerations, change of business practice and most of all, lack of awareness among managers. Growth of EDI is very rapid, annual increases of 80% are common. It has now become a trading norm in many sectors and countries. Most of Ireland's trading and competition countries are in this category. Many Governments have recognised EDI's benefits and have established programs for its promotion. Deregulation of the telecommunications environment is seen as essential. As for a company or an industry sector, EDI can create a national advantage. Uptake of EDI in Ireland is very low and awareness of it is among the lowest in the EC, despite the fact that there are a number of advanced individual projects and companies. EDI is of critical relevance to Irish foreign trade and transport and it is in these sectors that key cost reductions have been identified. EDI can also help to alleviate the peripheral disadvantages of Ireland's location. While its use is a positive factor its non-use will lead to very serious disadvantages. Ireland's telecommunications infrastructure for EDI is among the best but we have not created the climate for developing value added services of which EDI is a leading one. The role of Government is very unclear and while some good positions have been adopted, some policies are contradictory and some State services are seen as anti-market and protective of existing vested interests. EDI is already a most important strategic issue at company, industry and national level. It will, however, become even more important as it integrates with the revolutionary developments in the whole area of telecommunications technology on which future economic advancement and job creation opportunities depend. There is a clear need for national coordination and promotion of such an important business tool by both Government and business working together

IV Міжнародний науковий конгрес "Society of Ambient Intelligence - 2021" (ISCSAI 2021). Кривий Ріг, Україна, 12-16 квітня 2021 року

IV Міжнародний науковий конгрес "Society of Ambient Intelligence - 2021" (ISCSAI 2021). Кривий Ріг, Україна, 12-16 квітня 2021 року - матеріали.IV International Scientific Congress “Society of Ambient Intelligence – 2021” (ISCSAI 2021). Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, April 12-16, 2021 - proceedings

Thematic conference proceedings of international significance. Vol. 1 / International scientific Conference "Archibald Reiss Days", Belgrade, 1-2 March 2012

This International Scientific Conference is held for the second time in the con-text of initiated reforms of the security services and police education, and also in memory of one of the founders and directors of the first modern police high school in Serbia, Dr. Rodolphe Archibald Reiss, after whom the Conference was named. The Thematic Conference Proceedings contain 76 papers by eminent experts in the field of law, security, criminalistics, forensic sciences, medicine, members of national security system or participants in education of the police and army, as well as other security services. Each paper has been reviewed by two competent inter-national reviewers, and the Thematic Conference Proceedings in whole has been reviewed by four competent international reviewers. The papers published in the Thematic Conference Proceedings contain the overview of contemporary trends in the development of police educational system, development of the police and contemporary security, criminalistic and forensic concepts. Furthermore, they provide us with the analysis of the rule of law activi-ties in crime suppression, situation and trends in the above-mentioned fields, as well as suggestions on how to systematically deal with these issues. The Thematic Conference Proceedings represents a significant contribution to the existing fund of scientific and expert knowledge in the field of criminalistic, security, penal and legal theory and practice. Publication of this Thematic Conference Proceedings contrib-utes to improving of mutual cooperation between educational, scientific and expert institutions at national, regional and international level

“Things are not separate”: literary symbiotic metamorphoses in the fiction and critical work of A. S. Byatt

My critical project in this dissertation examines the way Byatt’s work productively moves across, and in and out of apparently conflicting theoretical debates, such as Leavis’s views on reading and writing in the light of poststructuralist and feminist theoretical approaches; or the establishment of a separate female literary tradition within the male literary canon; or the postmodernist resistance to/ rejection of realist representation, to name but a few of the debates examined in this dissertation. Hence, it is not my intention to superimpose a particular theoretical view on my analysis of Byatt’s work, but rather analyse their particular relevance in the light of Byatt’s own politics of writing. I propose the term “literary symbiotic metamorphosis” to investigate Byatt’s negotiation of apparently conflicting theoretical debates, in which she examines the validity of each individual theory vis-à-vis their symbiotic relationship, and then reshapes them into a unique poetics of writing which combines the understanding of a text’s symbiotically creative as well as theoretical relationships with the capacity to rearrange them into a practice of writing which is much more than the sum of the different parts which constitute it. My term is also informed by the Hegelian dialectic as the critical investigation of “a process of change in which a concept or its realization passes over into and is preserved and fulfilled by its opposite” (Merriam Webster) in which “some assertible proposition (thesis) is necessarily opposed by an equally assertible and apparently contradictory proposition (antithesis), the mutual contradiction being reconciled on a higher level of truth by a third proposition (synthesis)” (Thesaurus). It is in light of all these interconnected threads that I will investigate Byatt’s creative and critical work.O meu projeto crítico nesta dissertação examina a forma como o trabalho de Byatt se move produtivamente em debates teóricos aparentemente conflituosos, como as opiniões de F. R. Leavis sobre a leitura e a escrita à luz de abordagens teóricas pós-estruturalistas e feministas; ou o estabelecimento de uma tradição literária feminina separada dentro do cânone literário masculino; ou a resistência pós-modernista à representação realista, para citar apenas alguns dos debates examinados nesta dissertação. Por conseguinte, não é minha intenção sobrepor uma visão teórica específica à minha análise do trabalho de Byatt, mas sim analisar a sua particular relevância à luz das próprias políticas de escrita de Byatt. Proponho o termo crítico “metamorfose simbiótica literária” para investigar o modo como Byatt se posiciona em debates teóricos aparentemente conflituosos, em que examina a validade de cada teoria individual, remodelando-as depois numa poética única de escrita que combina por simbiose as relações criativas e as relações teóricas de um texto com a capacidade de as reorganizar numa prática de escrita que é muito mais do que a soma das diferentes partes que constituem o produto final. O meu termo crítico também é informado pela dialética hegeliana como a investigação crítica de uma tese, necessariamente oposta por uma antítese, sendo a contradição mútua reconciliada num nível mais elevado de verdade por uma terceira proposta, ou síntese. É à luz de todos estes fios interligados que investigo o trabalho criativo e crítico de Byatt

Maritime expressions:a corpus based exploration of maritime metaphors

This study uses a purpose-built corpus to explore the linguistic legacy of Britain’s maritime history found in the form of hundreds of specialised ‘Maritime Expressions’ (MEs), such as TAKEN ABACK, ANCHOR and ALOOF, that permeate modern English. Selecting just those expressions commencing with ’A’, it analyses 61 MEs in detail and describes the processes by which these technical expressions, from a highly specialised occupational discourse community, have made their way into modern English. The Maritime Text Corpus (MTC) comprises 8.8 million words, encompassing a range of text types and registers, selected to provide a cross-section of ‘maritime’ writing. It is analysed using WordSmith analytical software (Scott, 2010), with the 100 million-word British National Corpus (BNC) as a reference corpus. Using the MTC, a list of keywords of specific salience within the maritime discourse has been compiled and, using frequency data, concordances and collocations, these MEs are described in detail and their use and form in the MTC and the BNC is compared. The study examines the transformation from ME to figurative use in the general discourse, in terms of form and metaphoricity. MEs are classified according to their metaphorical strength and their transference from maritime usage into new registers and domains such as those of business, politics, sports and reportage etc. A revised model of metaphoricity is developed and a new category of figurative expression, the ‘resonator’, is proposed. Additionally, developing the work of Lakov and Johnson, Kovesces and others on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), a number of Maritime Conceptual Metaphors are identified and their cultural significance is discussed