Multigenerational challenges and the future of graduate medical education

Background: Demographics are changing on a global scale. In the United States, an aging population continues to work, either by preference or because of insufficient resources to retire. Of even greater importance, a younger generation, referred to as the Millennial Generation, will soon predominate in the workforce and even now accounts for nearly 100% of resident physicians. By the year 2020, there will be 5 generations in the workplace. Methods: This paper defines and details the characteristics of the 5 generations and examines how the vision, attitudes, values, and expectations of the most recent generations will reshape the workforce and graduate medical education. Results: The need for change is imminent to educate the next generation of physicians. Among the changes necessary to adapt to the multigenerational challenges ahead are adopting mobile devices as preferred communication tools; using social networking sites to recruit residents; adding games, simulations, and interactive videos to the curriculum to engage students; breaking down departmental silos and forming learning teams that come from different specialties; developing benchmarks and milestones to measure progress; extending the social learning ecosystem beyond the resident years; embracing diversity as the norm for both practice and learning; and providing both coaching and mentoring. Conclusion: For decades, resident physicians have shown commitment, tenacity, and selflessness while shouldering the dual responsibility of patient care and the pursuit of their own education and skills development. Resident engagement has been shown to drive change in undergraduate medical education and in the learning and performance of their teachers. The latter is evidence of reverse mentoring that will be a major factor for improvement in this digital age. We have only to embrace this opportunity to the benefit of our patients, our learners, and ourselves

An In-depth Qualitative Analysis of Situated Learning Instruction in Situation Awareness for Military English Course

    While situated learning (SL) instruction has been adopted for educational purposes in many fields, an SL environment for military English has not been considered. Situation awareness (SA) is an important theme in the military English course, SL instruction can be a suitable method to enhance cadets’ learning performance in SA operation. This study investigated the SA concept formation and operation as the effects of conducting SL instruction.     A film acted as an authentic military context, which sixteen cadets in Taiwan, R.O.C. accessed to perform SA. On the basis of Blooms’ six cognition levels, the researchers gave an in-depth qualitative analysis over their learning performance of SA. The research tools include worksheets, English role-plays, and concept maps. Worksheets were designed to observe their SA concept formation in four film situations during Endsley’s three steps of SA: perception, comprehension, and projection. The researchers used English role plays to judge whether they actively operated SA and concept maps to see if they formed new SA concepts

ePortfolios: Helping Students Take Control of Their Learning

With the addition of new technology to the classroom teachers have many new tools for the student to use. ePortfolios allow teachers to have student take control of their own learning while collecting their learning artifacts. This study looks at the impact of ePortfolios in the learning process at the high school level

Formative assessment strategies for students' conceptions—The potential of learning analytics

Formative assessment is considered to be helpful in students' learning support and teaching design. Following Aufschnaiter's and Alonzo's framework, formative assessment practices of teachers can be subdivided into three practices: eliciting evidence, interpreting evidence and responding. Since students' conceptions are judged to be important for meaningful learning across disciplines, teachers are required to assess their students' conceptions. The focus of this article lies on the discussion of learning analytics for supporting the assessment of students' conceptions in class. The existing and potential contributions of learning analytics are discussed related to the named formative assessment framework in order to enhance the teachers' options to consider individual students' conceptions. We refer to findings from biology and computer science education on existing assessment tools and identify limitations and potentials with respect to the assessment of students' conceptions. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Students' conceptions are considered to be important for learning processes, but interpreting evidence for learning with respect to students' conceptions is challenging for teachers. Assessment tools have been developed in different educational domains for teaching practice. Techniques from artificial intelligence and machine learning have been applied for automated assessment of specific aspects of learning. What does the paper add Findings on existing assessment tools from two educational domains are summarised and limitations with respect to assessment of students' conceptions are identified. Relevent data that needs to be analysed for insights into students' conceptions is identified from an educational perspective. Potential contributions of learning analytics to support the challenging task to elicit students' conceptions are discussed. Implications for practice and/or policy Learning analytics can enhance the eliciting of students' conceptions. Based on the analysis of existing works, further exploration and developments of analysis techniques for unstructured text and multimodal data are desirable to support the eliciting of students' conceptions

An analytic review on impacts of conceptual map implicated in multimedia on social skills improvement of mentally retarded learners

Backgrounds and Objectives:The use of concept maps is one of the new educational approaches that is rooted in the constructivist approach. In constructivism, the importance of knowledge is emphasized by relating the learned information to the new one. In this relational view and based on the concept map approach, people search between previous and new learning, people make their own schemas or mind maps, and in new learning, these mind maps are extensively revised and reconstructed. Concept map is a tool for showing the relationships between concepts in a coherent and hierarchical way that facilitates meaningful learning, because in this method the concepts are not scattered components but are in the form of a network of relationships to each other. Concept maps are also effective in facilitating creative thinking due to their unique features. The present study describes effectiveness of conceptual map implicated through multimedia on social skills improvement among learners with mental retardation. Teaching on the basis of concept mapping known as an active method to teach social skills for learners with special learning needs (as mental retarded). Methods and Materials: Quasi-experimental research method is used with pretest-posttest instrument. Sample of the study is equal to society includes14 mild mental retarded students (aged 16-14 years). It is a researcher-made questionnaire measures learners with mental retardation social skills improvement included three components as interaction with others, social adaptive behavior and self-control. Questionnaires' Reliability estimated by Cronbach's alpha (0.80). Mann-Whitney U test used to analyses the data, compartments of the pre- post-test scores in experimental group after the intervention. The Wilcoxon Signed rank test with the effect size is also approached to data analyzing Findings: It is revealed that there is a significant difference in pre-test and posttest scores of students in different level of social skills. So implementation of concept mapping plus to using multimedia could enable mentally retarded students as it is suggested to construct their minding's as well improvement of their social skills. Conclusion: Learning to apply a concept map in the form of multimedia can improve the learning of subscales in the social skills subset, adaptive social behavior, improve the learning of social skills in the form of interaction with others, learn social skills in the form of self-control and keep components such as having clean your own desk, discussing your feelings and emotions, reacting appropriately to strangers, separating good and bad habits, and expressing happiness will be effective when you succeed in your control component. Experience of teaching with teacher-made concept map methods in combination with multimedia shows the effect of using active and modern methods in education for meaningful learning in children with mental disabilities, objectifying the teachings of students with mental disabilities with up-to-date and effective educational media such as photos, videos, animations and other educational software, providing educational resources required for social skills appropriate to the appropriate time conditions for children with mental disabilities and drawing maps to communicate between the main and secondary components of concepts related to social skills. Educational groups and organizations are recommended to pay attention to this group of students in developing and improving their learning

Concept map as a strategy for learning and assesment in Higher Education. Influence on students’ performance

En educación superior el estudiante cuenta con estrategias que faciliten el «aprender a aprender». El docente universitario, por su parte, necesita evidencias de que el estudiante mejora su rendimiento con ellas. La intención de la presente investigación es averiguar si la realización de mapas conceptuales de los contenidos de una materia, a lo largo de la misma, consigue mejorar la asimilación de esos contenidos y, por tanto, los resultados obtenidos en su evaluación. La influencia de esta estrategia de aprendizaje y de evaluación en el rendimiento de los estudiantes se aprecia en los resultados obtenidos en tres cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Granada. Mostramos un balance de las calificaciones globales de todos los grupos (N = 196 estudiantes), en los que se desarrolló una metodología similar. Según los hallazgos, confirmamos nuestra hipótesis. Una mayor calificación en los mapas realizados conlleva una mayor calificación en el examen. El mapa conceptual como estrategia didáctica permite al estudiante no sólo analizar conceptos que lo pueden conducir a un estudio más eficaz, sino que mejora su rendimiento académico.In Higher Education, students rely on strategies that will facilitate their «learning to learn». In turn, university professors need evidence that student performance does improve with such strategies. The aim of this research is to discern whether building concept maps of the contents of a subject during the teaching period helps students to better assimilate the contents and therefore to improve their grades. The influence of this learning and assessment strategy in students’ performance can be seen in the results of three courses given at the School of Education of the University of Granada. Here we report an analysis of the overall grades of all the groups (N = 196 students), in which a similar methodology was developed. The results confirmed our hypothesis. A higher score on the maps led to higher test scores. The concept map as a teaching strategy allows students not only to analyze concepts to achieve a more effective study mode, but also improves their academic performance

Cartes conceptuelles comme strategie d’apprentissage et d’évaluation à l’université. Son influence sur le rendement des élèves

En educación superior el estudiante cuenta con estrategias que faciliten el «aprender a aprender». El docente universitario, por su parte, necesita evidencias de que el estudiante mejora su rendimiento con ellas. La intención de la presente investigación es averiguar si la realización de mapas conceptuales de los contenidos de una materia, a lo largo de la misma, consigue mejorar la asimilación de esos contenidos y, por tanto, los resultados obtenidos en su evaluación. La influencia de esta estrategia de aprendizaje y de evaluación en el rendimiento de los estudiantes se aprecia en los resultados obtenidos en tres cursos de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Granada. Mostramos un balance de las calificaciones globales de todos los grupos (N = 196 estudiantes), en los que se desarrolló una metodología similar. Según los hallazgos, confirmamos nuestra hipótesis. Una mayor calificación en los mapas realizados conlleva una mayor calificación en el examen. El mapa conceptual como estrategia didáctica permite al estudiante no sólo analizar conceptos que lo pueden conducir a un estudio más eficaz, sino que mejora su rendimiento académico.In Higher Education, students rely on strategies that will facilitate their «learning to learn». In turn, university professors need evidence that student performance does improve with such strategies. The aim of this research is to discern whether building concept maps of the contents of a subject during the teaching period helps students to better assimilate the contents and therefore to improve their grades. The influence of this learning and assessment strategy in students’ performance can be seen in the results of three courses given at the School of Education of the University of Granada. Here we report an analysis of the overall grades of all the groups (N = 196 students), in which a similar methodology was developed. The results confirmed our hypothesis. A higher score on the maps led to higher test scores. The concept map as a teaching strategy allows students not only to analyze concepts to achieve a more effective study mode, but also improves their academic performance.Dans l’enseignement supérieur on met à la disposition de l’étudiant des stratégies qui sont des facilités pour «apprendre à apprendre». Le professeur d’université, à son tour, exige la preuve que le rendement des élèves s’améliore grâce à ces stratégies. Le but de cette recherche est de vérifier si la réalisation de cartes conceptuelles des contenus d’une matière durant son enseignement, a réellement permis une meilleure assimilation de ces contenus et, par conséquent, les résultats obtenus lors de son évaluation. Le rendement des élèves à la suite de cette stratégie d’apprentissage et d’évaluation apparaît clairement lorsque l’on voit les résultats obtenus dans trois cours à la Faculté de l’Éducation de l’Université de Grenade. Nous indiquons ici le bilan des notes globales de tous les groupes (N = 196 étudiants), qui ont employé une méthodologie similaire. Les résultats permettent de confirmer notre hypothèse. Une bonne note obtenue lors de la réalisation des cartes va de pair avec une meilleure note à l’examen. La carte conceptuelle comme stratégie d’enseignement permet non seulement à l’étudiant d’analyser les concepts qui peuvent le conduire à un système d’étude plus efficace, mais aussi d’améliorer son rendement scolaire

Using cognitive mapping techniques to teach English at university

In an increasingly globalised and technology-driven world, cognitive tools have proven extremely successful in learning. As far as English language learning is concerned, cognitive mapping techniques can facilitate comprehension, encourage critical thinking and help learners to retain information. This work is aimed at showing how cognitive mapping techniques can be applied to English language teaching at university by focusing on the potential benefits of using several cognitive maps to teach both English grammar or general English (GE) and English for Specific Purposes (ESP). These maps can be seen as potentially successful ways of representing complex and/or dense information and, as such, they are recognised as valuable educational and visualisation tools, which assist students in organising, sharing and representing knowledge. The aim of this work is to evaluate whether the use of cognitive maps can help to improve the quality of English language teaching at University. This paper provides a case study of an English course taught to Italian university students of dentistry in their first year and highly significant differences were found and evaluated between the control group and the experimental group. This experimental study represents part of a larger, ongoing research project on the validity and feasibility of using cognitive mapping techniques as a means of enhancing students’ English language learning and information retention and recall.

Promoting Meaningful Learning Through the Use of Concept Maps

Background and significance: There have been dramatic changes in the healthcare system with the high use of technology. The healthcare needs of patients have increased due to the chronic diseases, and an increase in the number of the older population. These changes require nurses with high levels of thinking, knowledge and skills. It is vital to reconsider the teaching and learning methods used in nursing schools to ensure graduating nurses are capable of working in these challenging environments. The purpose of this naturalistic inquiry descriptive study is to explore the experiences and perspectives of undergraduate and graduate nursing students and faculty on the use of concept maps as a learning tool by students, and as a teaching and assessment tool by faculty at a nursing college in a public university, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. At this stage, meaningful learning is defined as the ability of students to make sense of the content learned in-class, and their ability to recall the information during their exams. Methodology: Undergraduate and graduate nursing students were trained on the creation of concept maps. Faculty were trained on the use of concept maps as a teaching and assessment tool. Using convenient sampling method, the sample included 18 undergraduate students, 4 graduate students, and 4 faculty. Data was collected using focus groups with students and indepth individual interviews with faculty. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings:Three themes were identified; enablers, constraints and guidance and support. Conclusion: The results help faculty learn more about nursing students and understand their learning needs which will influence the faculty’s choice of teaching methods when planning for their courses and lessons. The results need to be complemented by empirical evidence on the use of concept maps by Saudi Arabian nursing students and faculty