69 research outputs found
An outlook on the interplay of artificial intelligence and software-defined metasurfaces: an overview of opportunities and limitations
Recent advances in programmable metasurfaces, known as software-defined metasurfaces (SDMs), offer a paradigm shift from uncontrollable to fully tunable and customizable wireless propagation environments, enabling a plethora of new applications and technological trends. To explore this cutting-edge technological concept, we review the architecture and electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation functionalities of SDMs, detail recent advances toward realizing these programmable functionalities in wireless communication applications, elaborate on how artificial intelligence (AI) can address various constraints introduced by the real-time deployment of SDMs, review state-of-the-art research on the integration of AI with SDMs, and offer a look ahead toward unexplored possibilities of AI mechanisms in the context of SDMs
Advanced Wavefront Control with Linear and Nonlinear Metasurfaces
Metasurfaces offer unique opportunities for functional flat
optics and allow controlling the transmission, reflection, and
polarization of light. In particular, all-dielectric resonant
metasurfaces have reached remarkable efficiencies and
performances. The meta-atoms based on generalized Huygens'
principle give flexible full-range phase modulation with nearly
no loss. Holographic calculations can carefully map out the
spatial arrangement of the meta-atoms and exploit the potential
of the metasurface platform for wavefront control. Such advanced
and complex wavefront engineering is fully studied and extended
to the nonlinear regime, where the nonlinear optical response of
metasurfaces opens up new degrees of freedom. This offers a
paradigm shift in nonlinear optics. The nonlinear metaholograms
are expected to revolutionize subwavelength photonics by
enhancing substantially the nonlinear response of natural
materials combined with an efficient control of the phase of
their nonlinear waves. It is believed that the joint effects of
advanced wavefront control in linear and nonlinear optics could
eventually lead to integrated photonic computing and
nanophotonics quantum circuits.
In this thesis, the development of the nonlinear holographic
metasurfaces is presented in a progressive order. In Chapter 1,
we provide a comprehensive introduction to the development of
metasurfaces, followed by the motivation of creating practical
nanophotonic devices. Chapter 2 explains the principles of
designing holographic Metasurfaces and phase modulating
meta-atoms. We demonstrate a complex wavefront control using the
highly efficient polarization-insensitive holographic Huygens'
metasurface based on resonant silicon meta-atoms. Moving forward,
we demonstrate the transparent meta-holograms based on silicon
metasurfaces that allow high-resolution grayscale images to be
encoded. The holograms feature the highest diffraction and
transmission efficiencies, and operate over a broad spectral
range. Chapter 3 explores various types of nonlinear
nano-antennas. The multipolar nature of nonlinear resonance is
firstly proved by experiment using a nonlinear setup. Our method
of optical diagnostics provides a fast and convenient way to
acquire the information on materials' nonlinear responses, and it
links the nonlinear behaviors of materials to their intrinsic
properties. Both numerically and experimentally, the
third-harmonic generation (THG) from silicon dimers composed of
pairs of two identical silicon nanoparticles demonstrates the
multipolar harmonic modes near the Mie resonances that allow
shaping of directionality of nonlinear radiation. Efficient
control of both electric and magnetic components of light leads
to the enhancement of nonlinear effects near electric and
magnetic Mie resonances with an engineered radiation
directionality. Second harmonic generation (SHG) from III-V based
nano-structures reveal that AlGaAs nanodisk antennas can emit
second harmonic in preferential direction with a
backward-to-forward ratio of up to five, and they can also
generate complex vector polarization beams, including beams with
radial polarization. We distinguish experimentally the
contribution of electric and magnetic nonlinear response by
analyzing the structure of polarization states of SHG vector
beams. The transition between electric and magnetic
nonlinearities is controlled continuously by tuning polarization
of an optical pump. Finally, Chapter 4 presents a general
theoretical approach and experimental platform for nonlinear
wavefront control with highly-efficient nonlinear dielectric
metasurfaces. This approach is based on the generalized Huygens'
principle extended to nonlinear optics and it allows creating
arbitrary phase gradients and wavefronts via excitation of
electric and magnetic Mie-resonance multipoles. Based on our
concept, we design and demonstrate experimentally the first
nonlinear all-dielectric metasurface that generates a third
harmonic signal with a high precision in its wavefront control.
Multipolar analysis and numerical calculations are performed over
a broad pump spectral range with comparisons to the experimental
results. Chapter 5 summarizes the key achievements of this work
and discusses the future applications based on these results
Battery Recharging Time Models for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Wireless Power Transfer Systems
In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for the statistical
analysis of the battery recharging time (BRT) in reconfigurable intelligent
surfaces (RISs) aided wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. Specifically, we
derive novel closed-form expressions for the probability density function
(PDF), cumulative distribution function, and moments of the BRT of the radio
frequency energy harvesting wireless nodes. Moreover, closed-form expressions
of the the PDF of the BRT is obtained for two special cases: i) when the RIS is
equipped with one reflecting element (RE), ii) when the RIS consists of a large
number of REs. Capitalizing on the derived expressions, we offer a
comprehensive treatment for the statistical characterization of the BRT and
study the impact of the system and battery parameters on its performance. Our
results reveal that the proposed statistical models are analytically tractable,
accurate, and efficient in assessing the sustainability of RIS-assisted WPT
networks and in providing key design insights for large-scale future wireless
applications. For example, we demonstrate that a 4-fold reduction in the mean
time of the BRT can be achieved by doubling the number of RIS elements. Monte
Carlo simulation results corroborate the accuracy of the proposed theoretical
framework
A Prospective Look: Key Enabling Technologies, Applications and Open Research Topics in 6G Networks
The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks are envisaged to enable a plethora
of breakthrough advancements in wireless technologies, providing support of a
diverse set of services over a single platform. While the deployment of 5G
systems is scaling up globally, it is time to look ahead for beyond 5G systems.
This is driven by the emerging societal trends, calling for fully automated
systems and intelligent services supported by extended reality and haptics
communications. To accommodate the stringent requirements of their prospective
applications, which are data-driven and defined by extremely low-latency,
ultra-reliable, fast and seamless wireless connectivity, research initiatives
are currently focusing on a progressive roadmap towards the sixth generation
(6G) networks. In this article, we shed light on some of the major enabling
technologies for 6G, which are expected to revolutionize the fundamental
architectures of cellular networks and provide multiple homogeneous artificial
intelligence-empowered services, including distributed communications, control,
computing, sensing, and energy, from its core to its end nodes. Particularly,
this paper aims to answer several 6G framework related questions: What are the
driving forces for the development of 6G? How will the enabling technologies of
6G differ from those in 5G? What kind of applications and interactions will
they support which would not be supported by 5G? We address these questions by
presenting a profound study of the 6G vision and outlining five of its
disruptive technologies, i.e., terahertz communications, programmable
metasurfaces, drone-based communications, backscatter communications and
tactile internet, as well as their potential applications. Then, by leveraging
the state-of-the-art literature surveyed for each technology, we discuss their
requirements, key challenges, and open research problems
A prospective look: key enabling technologies, applications and open research topics in 6G networks
The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks are envisaged to enable a plethora of breakthrough advancements in wireless technologies, providing support of a diverse set of services over a single platform. While the deployment of 5G systems is scaling up globally, it is time to look ahead for beyond 5G systems. This is mainly driven by the emerging societal trends, calling for fully automated systems and intelligent services supported by extended reality and haptics communications. To accommodate the stringent requirements of their prospective applications, which are data-driven and defined by extremely low-latency, ultra-reliable, fast and seamless wireless connectivity, research initiatives are currently focusing on a progressive roadmap towards the sixth generation (6G) networks, which are expected to bring transformative changes to this premise. In this article, we shed light on some of the major enabling technologies for 6G, which are expected to revolutionize the fundamental architectures of cellular networks and provide multiple homogeneous artificial intelligence-empowered services, including distributed communications, control, computing, sensing, and energy, from its core to its end nodes. In particular, the present paper aims to answer several 6G framework related questions: What are the driving forces for the development of 6G? How will the enabling technologies of 6G differ from those in 5G? What kind of applications and interactions will they support which would not be supported by 5G? We address these questions by presenting a comprehensive study of the 6G vision and outlining seven of its disruptive technologies, i.e., mmWave communications, terahertz communications, optical wireless communications, programmable metasurfaces, drone-based communications, backscatter communications and tactile internet, as well as their potential applications. Then, by leveraging the state-of-the-art literature surveyed for each technology, we discuss the associated requirements, key challenges, and open research problems. These discussions are thereafter used to open up the horizon for future research directions
Convergent Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems: An Overview of Technologies, Opportunities and Challenges
Herein, we focus on convergent 6G communication, localization and sensing systems by identifying key technology enablers, discussing their underlying challenges, implementation issues, and recommending potential solutions. Moreover, we discuss exciting new opportunities for integrated localization and sensing applications, which will disrupt traditional design principles and revolutionize the way we live, interact with our environment, and do business. Regarding potential enabling technologies, 6G will continue to develop towards even higher frequency ranges, wider bandwidths, and massive antenna arrays. In turn, this will enable sensing solutions with very fine range, Doppler, and angular resolutions, as well as localization to cm-level degree of accuracy. Besides, new materials, device types, and reconfigurable surfaces will allow network operators to reshape and control the electromagnetic response of the environment. At the same time, machine learning and artificial intelligence will leverage the unprecedented availability of data and computing resources to tackle the biggest and hardest problems in wireless communication systems. As a result, 6G will be truly intelligent wireless systems that will provide not only ubiquitous communication but also empower high accuracy localization and high-resolution sensing services. They will become the catalyst for this revolution by bringing about a unique new set of features and service capabilities, where localization and sensing will coexist with communication, continuously sharing the available resources in time, frequency, and space. This work concludes by highlighting foundational research challenges, as well as implications and opportunities related to privacy, security, and trust
6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: Opportunities, Challenges, and Research Roadmap
The 5G wireless communication network is currently faced with the challenge of limited data speed exacerbated by the proliferation of billions of data-intensive applications. To address this problem, researchers are developing cutting-edge technologies for the envisioned 6G wireless communication standards to satisfy the escalating wireless services demands. Though some of the candidate technologies in the 5G standards will apply to 6G wireless networks, key disruptive technologies that will guarantee the desired quality of physical experience to achieve ubiquitous wireless connectivity are expected in 6G. This article first provides a foundational background on the evolution of different wireless communication standards to have a proper insight into the vision and requirements of 6G. Second, we provide a panoramic view of the enabling technologies proposed to facilitate 6G and introduce emerging 6G applications such as multi-sensory–extended reality, digital replica, and more. Next, the technology-driven challenges, social, psychological, health and commercialization issues posed to actualizing 6G, and the probable solutions to tackle these challenges are discussed extensively. Additionally, we present new use cases of the 6G technology in agriculture, education, media and entertainment, logistics and transportation, and tourism. Furthermore, we discuss the multi-faceted communication capabilities of 6G that will contribute significantly to global sustainability and how 6G will bring about a dramatic change in the business arena. Finally, we highlight the research trends, open research issues, and key take-away lessons for future research exploration in 6G wireless communicatio
Convergent communication, sensing and localization in 6g systems: An overview of technologies, opportunities and challenges
Herein, we focus on convergent 6G communication, localization and sensing systems by identifying key technology enablers, discussing their underlying challenges, implementation issues, and recommending potential solutions. Moreover, we discuss exciting new opportunities for integrated localization and sensing applications, which will disrupt traditional design principles and revolutionize the way we live, interact with our environment, and do business. Regarding potential enabling technologies, 6G will continue to develop towards even higher frequency ranges, wider bandwidths, and massive antenna arrays. In turn, this will enable sensing solutions with very fine range, Doppler, and angular resolutions, as well as localization to cm-level degree of accuracy. Besides, new materials, device types, and reconfigurable surfaces will allow network operators to reshape and control the electromagnetic response of the environment. At the same time, machine learning and artificial intelligence will leverage the unprecedented availability of data and computing resources to tackle the biggest and hardest problems in wireless communication systems. As a result, 6G will be truly intelligent wireless systems that will provide not only ubiquitous communication but also empower high accuracy localization and high-resolution sensing services. They will become the catalyst for this revolution by bringing about a unique new set of features and service capabilities, where localization and sensing will coexist with communication, continuously sharing the available resources in time, frequency, and space. This work concludes by highlighting foundational research challenges, as well as implications and opportunities related to privacy, security, and trust
Duality Symmetry
Symmetry is one of the most general concepts in physics. Symmetry arguments are used to explain and predict observations at all length scales, from elementary particles to cosmology. The generality of symmetry arguments, combined with their simplicity, makes them a powerful tool for both fundamental and applied investigations. In electrodynamics, one of the symmetries is the invariance of the equations under exchange of electric and magnetic quantities. The continuous version of this symmetry is most commonly known as electromagnetic duality symmetry. This concept has been accepted for more than a century, and, throughout this time, has influenced other areas of physics, like high energy physics and gravitation. This Special Issue is devoted to electromagnetic duality symmetry and other vareities of dualities in physics. It contains four Articles, one Review and one Perspective. The context of the contributions ranges from string theory to applied nanophotonics, which, as anticipated, shows that duality symmetries in general and electromagnetic duality symmetry in particular are useful in a wide variety of physics fields, both theoretical and applied. Moreover, a number of the contributions show how the use of symmetry arguments and the quantification of symmetry breaking can successfully guide our theoretical understanding and provide us with guidelines for system design
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