Arc routing problems: A review of the past, present, and future

[EN] Arc routing problems (ARPs) are defined and introduced. Following a brief history of developments in this area of research, different types of ARPs are described that are currently relevant for study. In addition, particular features of ARPs that are important from a theoretical or practical point of view are discussed. A section on applications describes some of the changes that have occurred from early applications of ARP models to the present day and points the way to emerging topics for study. A final section provides information on libraries and instance repositories for ARPs. The review concludes with some perspectives on future research developments and opportunities for emerging applicationsThis research was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Grant/Award Number: PGC2018-099428-B-I00. The Research Council of Norway, Grant/Award Numbers: 246825/O70 (DynamITe), 263031/O70 (AXIOM).Corberán, Á.; Eglese, R.; Hasle, G.; Plana, I.; Sanchís Llopis, JM. (2021). Arc routing problems: A review of the past, present, and future. Networks. 77(1):88-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/net.21965S8811577

An updated annotated bibliography on arc routing problems

The number of arc routing publications has increased significantly in the last decade. Such an increase justifies a second annotated bibliography, a sequel to Corberán and Prins (Networks 56 (2010), 50–69), discussing arc routing studies from 2010 onwards. These studies are grouped into three main sections: single vehicle problems, multiple vehicle problems and applications. Each main section catalogs problems according to their specifics. Section 2 is therefore composed of four subsections, namely: the Chinese Postman Problem, the Rural Postman Problem, the General Routing Problem (GRP) and Arc Routing Problems (ARPs) with profits. Section 3, devoted to the multiple vehicle case, begins with three subsections on the Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) and then delves into several variants of multiple ARPs, ending with GRPs and problems with profits. Section 4 is devoted to applications, including distribution and collection routes, outdoor activities, post-disaster operations, road cleaning and marking. As new applications emerge and existing applications continue to be used and adapted, the future of arc routing research looks promising.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Arc Routing Problems for Road Network Maintenance

RÉSUMÉ : Cette thèse présente deux problèmes rencontrés dans l’entretien des réseaux routiers, soit la surveillance des réseaux routiers pour la détection de verglas sur la chaussée et la reprogrammation des itinéraires pour les activités de déneigement et d’épandage de sel. Nous représentons ces problèmes par des modèles de tournées sur les arcs. La dépendance aux moments et la nature dynamique sont des caractéristiques propres de ces problèmes, par conséquence le cas de surveillance des réseaux routiers est modélisé comme un problème de postier rural avec fenêtres-horaires (RPPTW), tandis que le cas de la reprogrammation utilise des modèles obtenus à partir des formulations de problèmes de tournées sur les arcs avec capacité. Dans le cas du problème de surveillance, une patrouille vérifie l’état des chemins et des autoroutes, elle doit principalement détecter le verglas sur la chaussée dans le but d’assurer de bonnes conditions aux chauffeurs et aux piétons. Étant donné un réseau routier et des prévisions météo, le problème consiste à créer une tournée qui permette de détecter opportunément le verglas sur les rues et les routes. L’objectif poursuivi consiste à minimiser le coût de cette opération. En premier, on présente trois formulations basées sur la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers pour le problème de surveillance des réseaux qui dépend du moment et deux méthodes de résolution: un algorithme de coupes et un algorithme heuristique appelé adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS). La méthode exacte inclut des inéquations valides tirées du problème du voyageur de commerce avec fenêtres-horaires et aussi du problème de voyageur du commerce avec contraintes de précédence. La méthode heuristique considère deux phases: en premier, on trouve une solution initiale et après dans la deuxième phase, l’algorithme essaie d’améliorer la solution initiale en utilisant sept heuristiques de destruction et deux heuristiques de réparation choisies au hasard. La performance des heuristiques est évaluée pendant les itérations. Une meilleure performance correspond à une plus grande probabilité de choisir une heuristique. Plusieurs tests ont été faits sur deux ensembles d’exemplaires de problèmes. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’algorithme de coupes est capable de résoudre des réseaux avec 104 arêtes requises et des fenêtres-horaires structurées par tranches horaires ; l’algorithme peut aussi résoudre des réseaux avec 45 arêtes requises et des fenêtres-horaires structurées pour chaque arête requise. Pour l’algorithme ALNS, différentes versions de l’algorithme sont comparées. Les résultats montrent que cette méthode est efficace parce qu’elle est capable de résoudre à l’optimalité 224 des 232 exemplaires et de réduire le temps de calcul significativement pour les exemplaires les plus difficiles. La dernière partie de la thèse introduit le problème de la reprogrammation de tournées sur les arcs avec capacité (RCARP), lequel permet de modéliser la reprogrammation des itinéraires après une panne d’un véhicule lors de la phase d’exécution d’un plan initial des activités de déneigement ou d’épandage de sel. Le planificateur doit alors modifier le plan initial rapidement et reprogrammer les véhicules qui restent pour finir les activités. Dans ce cas, l’objectif poursuivi consiste à minimiser le coût d’opération et le coût de perturbation. La distance couverte par les véhicules correspond au coût d’opération, cependant une nouvelle métrique est développée pour mesurer le coût de perturbation. Les coûts considérés sont des objectifs en conflit. On analyse quatre politiques à la phase de re-routage en utilisant des formulations de programmation linéaire en nombres entiers. On propose une solution heuristique comme méthode pour résoudre le RCARP quand les coûts d’opération et de perturbation sont minimisés en même temps et quand une réponse rapide est nécessaire. La méthode consiste à fixer une partie de l’itinéraire initial et après à modifier seulement les itinéraires des véhicules les plus proches de la zone de l’interruption de la tournée du véhicule défaillant. La méthode a été testée sur des exemplaires obtenus d’un réseau réel. Nos tests indiquent que la méthode peut résoudre rapidement des exemplaires avec 88 arêtes requises et 10 véhicules actifs après la panne d’un véhicule. En conclusion, la principale contribution de cette thèse est de présenter des modèles de tournées sur les arcs et de proposer des méthodes de résolution d’optimisation qui incluent la dépendance aux temps et l’aspect dynamique. On propose des modèles et des méthodes pour résoudre le RPPTW, et on présente des résultats pour ce problème. On introduit pour la première fois le RCARP. Trois articles correspondant aux trois principaux chapitres ont été acceptés ou soumis à des revues avec comité de Lecture: “The rural postman problem with time windows” accepté dans Networks, “ALNS for the rural postman problem with time windows” soumis à Networks, and “The rescheduling capacitated arc routing problem” soumis à International Transactions in Operational Research.----------ABSTRACT : This dissertation addresses two problems related to road network maintenance: the road network monitoring of black-ice and the rescheduling of itineraries for snow plowing and salt spreading operations. These problems can naturally be represented using arc routing models. Timing-sensitive and dynamic nature are inherent characteristics of these problems, therefore the road network monitoring is modeled as a rural postman problem with time windows (RPPTW) and in the rescheduling case, models based on capacitated arc routing formulations are suggested for the rerouting phase. The detection of black-ice on the roads is carried out by a patrol to ensure safety conditions for drivers and pedestrians. Specific meteorological conditions cause black-ice on the roads; therefore the patrol must design a route covering part of the network in order to timely detect the black-ice according to weather forecasts. We look for minimum-cost solutions that satisfy the timing constraints. At first, three formulations based on mixed integer linear programming are presented for the timing-sensitive road network monitoring and two solution approaches are proposed: a cutting plane algorithm and an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm. The exact method includes valid inequalities from the traveling salesman problem (TSP) with time windows and from the precedence constrained TSP. The heuristic method consists of two phases: an initial solution is obtained, and then in the second phase the ALNS method tries to improve the initial solution using seven removal and two insertion heuristics. The performance of the heuristics is evaluated during the iterations, and therefore the heuristics are selected depending on their performance (with higher probability for the better ones). Several tests are done on two sets of instances. The computational experiments performed show that the cutting plane algorithm is able to solve instances with up to 104 required edges and with time windows structured by time slots, and problems with up to 45 required edges and time windows structured by each required edge. For the ALNS algorithm, several versions of the algorithm are compared. The results show that this approach is efficient, solving to optimality 224 of 232 instances and significantly reducing the computational time on the hardest instances. The last part of the dissertation introduces the rescheduling capacitated arc routing problem (RCARP), which models the rescheduling of itineraries after a vehicle failure happens in the execution of an initial plan of snow plowing or salt spreading operations. A dispatcher must quickly adjust the remaining vehicles and modify the initial plan in order to complete the operations. In this case we look for solutions that minimize operational and disruption costs. The traveled distance represents the operational cost, and a new metric is discussed as disruption cost. The concerned objectives are in conflict. Four policies are analyzed in the rerouting phase using mixed integer linear programming formulations. A heuristic solution is developed to solve the RCARP when operational and disruption costs are minimized simultaneously and a quick response is needed. The idea is to fix part of the initial itinerary and only modify the itinerary of vehicles closer to the failure zone. The method is tested on a set of instances generated from a real network. Our tests indicate that the method can solve instances with up to 88 required edges and 10 active vehicles after the vehicle breakdown. In short the main contribution of this dissertation is to present arc routing models and optimization solution techniques that consider timing-sensitive and dynamic aspects. Formulations and solution methods with computational results are given for the RPPTW, and the RCARP is studied for the first time here. Three articles corresponding to the main three chapters have been accepted or submitted to peer review journals: “The rural postman problem with time windows” accepted in Networks, “ALNS for the rural postman problem with time windows” submitted to Networks, and “The rescheduling capacitated arc routing problem” submitted to International Transactions in Operational Research

Efficient routing of snow removal vehicles

This research addresses the problem of finding a minimum cost set of routes for vehicles in a road network subject to some constraints. Extensions, such as multiple service requirements, and mixed networks have been considered. Variations of this problem exist in many practical applications such as snow removal, refuse collection, mail delivery, etc. An exact algorithm was developed using integer programming to solve small size problems. Since the problem is NP-hard, a heuristic algorithm needs to be developed. An algorithm was developed based on the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) heuristic, in which each replication consists of applying a construction heuristic to find feasible and good quality solutions, followed by a local search heuristic. A simulated annealing heuristic was developed to improve the solutions obtained from the construction heuristic. The best overall solution was selected from the results of several replications. The heuristic was tested on four sets of problem instances (total of 115 instances) obtained from the literature. The simulated annealing heuristic was able to achieve average improvements of up to 26.36% over the construction results on these problem instances. The results obtained with the developed heuristic were compared to the results obtained with recent heuristics developed by other authors. The developed heuristic improved the best-known solution found by other authors on 18 of the 115 instances and matched the results on 89 of those instances. It worked specially better with larger problems. The average deviations to known lower bounds for all four datasets were found to range between 0.21 and 2.61%

Integrated network routing and scheduling problem for salt trucks with replenishment before snowfall

Kar yağışı öncesinde ve sırasında yolların zamanında tuzlanması, trafik güvenliğini iyileştirmek ve trafik sıkışıklığını önlemek için önemli bir önleyici faaliyettir. Bu çalışmada, bir şehir yolu ağındaki tuz kamyonlarının rotalama ve çizelgeleme problemi ele alınmıştır. Ele alınan problem İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesinin yoğun kar yağışı durumlarında karşılaştığı bir operasyonel problemdir ve periyodik olarak çözülmelidir. Problemde, araç filosu tuz kapasitesi açısından heterojen araçlardan oluşmaktadır ve birden fazla tuz ikmal noktası bulunmaktadır. Hava şartları gerektirdiğinde, tuzlanması gereken yollar ve bu yollar için öncelik seviyeleri belirlenmektedir. Amaç, ağın farklı noktalarında konumlanmış olan araçların, tuzlanması gereken tüm yolları tuzlayacak şekilde ve yolların ağırlıklı tamamlanma süresini en küçükleyerek rotalanması ve çizelgelenmesidir. Tuza ihtiyacı olan her yol tek bir araç tarafından tuzlanmalıdır. Araçlar tuzlanması gereken bir yolu tuzlama yapmadan sadece geçiş yapmak amacıyla da kullanılabilir. Araçlar, tuzları bittiğinde tuz ikmal noktalarını ziyaret etmelidir. Problemin çözümü için ilk olarak bir karma tam sayılı programlama modeli geliştirilmiştir. Problem büyüklüğü arttıkça modelin performansının hızla düştüğü gözlemlenmiş ve iki aşamalı bir sezgisel yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Sezgiselin ilk aşamasında yapıcı algoritma ile olurlu bir başlangıç çözümü elde edilmektedir, ikinci aşamasında bulunan başlangıç çözümü bir komşuluk arama algoritması ile geliştirilmektedir. Çözüm yaklaşımımızın verimliliği, gerçek hayat yol ağlarını yansıtan rastgele oluşturulmuş örnekler üzerinde analiz edilmiştir.Timely salting of roads before the snowfall is an important preventive activity for improving traffic safety and avoiding traffic congestions. We study the problem of routing and scheduling of salt trucks on a city road network. The problem is motivated by the operational problem that the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality face in case of a heavy snowfall, and thereby should be solved in a periodic manner.In this problem, the vehicle fleet consists of heterogeneous vehicles that differ in salt capacity and there are multiple salt replenishment points. At the beginning of the current planning horizon, given a set of salt needing roads with different urgency levels, the vehicles start from different points of the network (i.e., their final locations at the end of the former planning horizon) and should cover all salt needing roads with the objective of minimizing the total weighted completion time of salting operation of each service needing arc. Each service needing arc should be serviced by exactly one vehicle, however, can be traversed for deadheading by a vehicle as part of its route.Vehicles visit replenishment points when they run out of salt. We first develop a Mixed-Integer Programming model for the problem. Since the performance of the model degrades rapidly as the problem size increases, we propose a simulated annealing metaheuristic, which obtains an initial solution by a constructive heuristic in the first phase, and then improves the solution in the next phase. The efficiency of our solution approach is evaluated on randomly generated instances reflecting real life road networks

Algoritmos e formulações matemáticas para problemas de roteamento em arcos

Orientador: Fábio Luiz UsbertiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Problemas de roteamento em arcos têm por objetivo determinar rotas de custo mínimo que visitam um subconjunto de arcos de um grafo, com uma ou mais restrições adicionais. Esta tese estuda três problemas NP-difíceis de roteamento em arcos: (1) o problema de roteamento em arcos capacitado (CARP); (2) o problema de roteamento em arcos capacitado e aberto (OCARP); e (3) o problema do carteiro chinês com cobertura (CCPP). Apresentamos formulações matemáticas e métodos exatos e heurísticos para tratar computacionalmente esses problemas: (i) uma heurística construtiva gulosa e randomizada é proposta para o CARP; (ii) uma metaheurística de algoritmos genéticos híbrido e dois métodos de limitantes inferiores por programação linear inteira, um branch-and-cut e um baseado em redes de fluxos, são propostos para o OCARP; e (iii) um método exato branch-and-cut com desigualdades válidas e uma heurística construtiva são propostos para o CCPP. Extensivos experimentos computacionais utilizando instâncias de benchmark foram executados para demonstrar o desempenho dos métodos propostos em relação aos métodos da literatura, considerando tanto a qualidade das soluções obtidas quanto o tempo de processamento. Nossos resultados mostram que os métodos propostos são estado da arte. Os problemas estudados apresentam aplicações práticas relevantes: o CARP tem aplicações em coleta de lixo urbano e remoção de neve de estradas; o OCARP tem aplicações em roteamento de leituristas e na definição de caminhos de corte em chapas metálicas; e o CCPP tem aplicações em roteamento de leituristas com o uso de tecnologia wireless. A solução desses problemas remete à diminuição de custos logísticos, melhorando a competitividade das empresasAbstract: Arc routing problems aim to find minimum cost routes that visit a subset of arcs of a graph, with one or more side constraints. This thesis studies three NP-hard arc routing problems: (1) the capacitated arc routing problem (CARP); (2) the open capacitated arc routing problem (OCARP); and (3) the covering Chinese postman problem (CCPP). We present mathematical formulations and heuristic and exact methods to computationally solve these problems: (i) a greedy and randomized constructive heuristic is proposed for the CARP; (ii) a hybrid genetic algorithm metaheuristic and two linear integer programming lower bound methods, one based on branch-and-cut and one based on flow networks, are proposed for the OCARP; and (iii) an exact branch-and-cut method with valid inequalities and a constructive heuristic are proposed for the CCPP. Extensive computational experiments using benchmark instances were performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods in comparison to the previous methods, regarding both quality of solutions and processing time. Our results show that the proposed methods are state-of-the-art. The studied problems have many relevant practical applications: the CARP has applications on urban waste collection and snow removal; the OCARP has applications on the routing of meter readers and the cutting of metal sheets; and last, the CCPP has applications on automated meter readers routing. The solution of these problems leads to the reduction of logistics costs, improving businesses competitivenessDoutoradoCiência da ComputaçãoDoutor em Ciência da Computação2016/00315-0FAPES

A concise guide to existing and emerging vehicle routing problem variants

Vehicle routing problems have been the focus of extensive research over the past sixty years, driven by their economic importance and their theoretical interest. The diversity of applications has motivated the study of a myriad of problem variants with different attributes. In this article, we provide a concise overview of existing and emerging problem variants. Models are typically refined along three lines: considering more relevant objectives and performance metrics, integrating vehicle routing evaluations with other tactical decisions, and capturing fine-grained yet essential aspects of modern supply chains. We organize the main problem attributes within this structured framework. We discuss recent research directions and pinpoint current shortcomings, recent successes, and emerging challenges

Optimisation de tournées de véhicules en viabilité hivernale

RÉSUMÉ : Cette thèse développe des outils mathématiques et informatiques pour améliorer les opérations de viabilité hivernale. En particulier, la confection des tournées de déneigement est traitée comme un problème de tournées sur les arcs avec plusieurs contraintes. Une métaheuristique est d’abord développée pour la confection de ces tournées. Par la suite, des modifications majeures sont apportées à cet algorithme pour tenir compte des caractéristiques spécifiques aux problèmes de tournées sur les arcs (arc routing problem) (ARP) sur des réseaux routiers réels. Finalement, un second problème combinant les tournées de déneigement et d’épandage avec la mise en commun de certains véhicules pour les opérations est traité. La solution développée permet de tirer parti des caractéristiques de chaque véhicule. Tout au long de la thèse, un accent particulier est porté sur l’utilisation des données réelles ainsi que sur le développement de méthodes pour faciliter l’importation et l’exportation de ces données. Les travaux entourant cette thèse débutent avec la confection de tournées de déneigement pour une ville au Québec, soit Dolbeau-Mistassini (DM). De nombreux problèmes ont été rencontrés avec l’utilisation d’une méthode tirée de la littérature. Parmi ceux-ci, on compte : — de nombreux demi-tours difficiles à exécuter par les véhicules ; — le faible respect des priorités accordées aux rues à l’échelle du réseau ; — de nombreux véhicules parcourent de longues distances pour se rendre dans les coins reculés du réseau ; — le déséquilibre des tâches de travail en raison des différentes vitesses d’opération des véhicules ; — le fait que la méthode ne tient pas compte des ruelles qui peuvent être traitées dans une direction ou dans l’autre en un seul passage. À la suite de nombreux ajustements manuels pour corriger les tournées obtenues, force a été de constater que des améliorations pouvaient être apportées à ce type de méthode. Les travaux concernant la première contribution de cette thèse ont donc porté sur le développement d’une méthode de création de tournées de déneigement. En raison du grand nombre de variables et de contraintes considérées dans le problème, le choix s’est porté sur une méthode heuristique. Ce type de méthode offre un bon équilibre entre le temps de traitement et la qualité des solutions obtenues. Plus précisément, le choix s’est arrêté sur une métaheuristique de type algorithme de recherche à voisinage adaptatif large (adaptive large neighborhood search) (ALNS), en raison du succès remporté récemment par ce type de méthode. Le premier article a permis de constater que l’algorithme développé permet de créer des tournées pour les véhicules de déneigement. Les contraintes suivantes sont respectées : équilibrage des tournées, couverture partielle du réseau, vitesses hétérogènes, restrictions de virages, restrictions rue/véhicule et hiérarchie du réseau. Pour la deuxième contribution de thèse, le problème a d’abord été formalisé par l’intermédiaire d’un programme linéaire en nombres entiers (mixed integer programming) (MIP). Le problème a été formulé comme un problème des k-postiers ruraux avec objectif minmax (min-max k-vehicles rural postman problem) (MM K-RPP) avec hiérarchies, pénalités sur virages, vitesses d’opération hétérogènes et tournées ouvertes sur un graphe mixte. Tel qu’anticipé, la résolution devient rapidement impossible à traiter avec un solveur commercial en utilisant seulement 20 segments de rue. Il a été décidé de poursuivre l’approfondissement de l’algorithme développé en première partie. Cette décision a été prise notamment en raison du très long temps de traitement qui réduit l’utilité du premier algorithme. Cette décision repose aussi sur le fait que visuellement, on constate que les tournées obtenues peuvent être améliorées. Dans cette optique, une collaboration a été initiée avec messieurs Fabien Lehuédé et Olivier Péton du laboratoire des sciences du numérique de Nantes (LS2N) à IMT Atlantique. Leur expertise avec la méthode ALNS a effectivement permis d’améliorer grandement les résultats obtenus. Parmi les améliorations apportées, on note une transformation du réseau permettant de tenir compte des pénalités sur virages lors du calcul des plus courts chemins. Cette transformation permet également de mieux prendre en compte les ruelles qui requièrent un seul passage dans une direction ou dans l’autre. De plus, la possibilité d’appliquer plusieurs fois un opérateur de destruction avant de passer à la construction est ajoutée. Cette contribution a également été l’occasion de développer et tester de nouveaux opérateurs de voisinage, développer une méthode de groupement des arcs et revoir et simplifier le code de la métaheuristique. L’algorithme a été appliqué à la première étude de cas ainsi qu’a deux nouvelles études de cas, Baie-Comeau (BC) et Plateau-Mont-Royal (PMR). Des tests ont également été exécutés en comparant les nouvelles tournées obtenues à des tournées conçues quelques années plus tôt ainsi qu’aux résultats obtenus par un solveur commercial. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la méthodologie améliore les tournées conçues précédemment. Il est aussi possible de conclure que la méthode de groupage des arcs améliore la qualité des solutions obtenues et l’efficacité des nouveaux opérateurs développés varie selon le réseau utilisé. Pour la troisième contribution, nous sommes revenus sur le cas d’étude initial tel que décrit par les intervenants de la première étude de cas. Il a été dit que les charges de travail doivent être équilibrées, mais que certains véhicules doivent également épandre des fondants ou des abrasifs en plus de déneiger. Pour tenir compte de cette contrainte, certaines tournées avaient délibérément été gardées plus courtes dans les premières solutions. Pour le troisième article, il a été décidé de traiter cette problématique de front. Ce qu’il faut savoir est que certains véhicules sont équipés pour l’épandage et le déneigement alors que d’autres sont équipés pour le déneigement seulement. Lorsque les premiers traitent un segment de rue, ils exécutent les deux opérations simultanément. Lorsque les deuxièmes traitent un segment de rue, il faut planifier un second passage par les premiers véhicules pour qu’ils puissent épandre des fondants ou des abrasifs. L’algorithme développé précédemment a donc été modifié dans cette optique. En plus, la considération des contraintes de restrictions rue/véhicule a été ajoutée dans l’algorithme. Les résultats démontrent que l’algorithme permet effectivement de concevoir des tournées qui respectent les contraintes de la nouvelle étude de cas. Cet outil permet donc de tirer profit de l’interaction entre les divers types de véhicules. La contribution souligne également l’utilité d’un tel outil pour supporter l’analyse des besoins justifiant l’achat de nouveaux véhicules. En parallèle aux développements algorithmiques, des méthodes d’importation et d’exportation des données provenant des cas d’étude réels sont aussi développées. Dès le départ, il a été choisi d’utiliser des fichiers de type Shapefile comme source de données en raison de sa grande disponibilité et de la compatibilité avec les système d’information géographique (SIG). Une méthode pour passer du réseau géographique vers un réseau mathématique a donc été améliorée au cours des travaux. Alors qu’au début des travaux de la thèse, il fallait passer par un chiffrier Microsoft ExcelTM pour ensuite importer les données dans le code, à la fin, une méthode automatisée permet l’importation directe à partir des fichiers Shapefiles vers le code de la métaheuristique. Quant aux résultats obtenus, ils furent obtenus dans les premières étapes sous forment de représentations géographiques dans un SIG ainsi que des feuilles d’instructions indiquant les étapes, coin de rue par coin de rue, aux opérateurs de véhicules. De ce côté, les développements ont permis d’obtenir des fichiers de type KML. Ce type de fichier est compatible avec plusieurs logiciels et applications, dont Google EarthviewTM et des applications de guidage routier sur des appareils mobiles.----------ABSTRACT : In this thesis, we develop mathematical and computerized tools to improve winter viability operations. More precisely, the snow routing design problem is treated as an problème de tournée sur les arcs (arc routing problem) (ARP). In a first effort to solve the problem, a metaheuristic procedure is designed. Then, some major modifications are made to the algorithm to improve the consideration of specific characteristics of real road networks. Finally, a second problem combining the routing of the snowplow and the spreading vehicles are addressed. The objective is to fully take advantage of the characteristics of the different type of vehicles. In parallel with the algorithmic development, this thesis also develops some methodologies to facilitate the importation and exportation of the real world data. Works concerning this thesis were initiated with a mandate to design snowplow routes for a city in the province of Québec, namely DM. The problem was addressed by using a methodology found in the literature, however, several difficulties were encountered. Among others: — the routes contained several U-turns which are difficult to perform by the snow plowing vehicles; — little consideration of the priorities at the network level; — several vehicles have to travel to some remote streets in the same sector of the city where we would expect only one vehicle to go; — unbalanced sectors due to the different speeds of operation of the vehicles; — no consideration for back alleys that needs to be serviced only once in either direction. In respond to these problems, several manual modifications of the routes were undertaken to make them feasible. It was found that the methodology fails to solve the problem as it is encountered. Therefore, works concerning the first contribution of this thesis focused on the development of a methodology to design snowplow routing. Due to numerous variables and constraints, it was decided to develop a metaheuristic algorithm. This type of methodology offers a good balance between runtime and the quality of the solution obtained. In particular, an ALNS is selected because of its recent success cited in the literature. Thus, the first article concludes that the algorithm can design snowplow routing. The following constraints are considered: workload balance, partial area coverage, heterogeneous vehicle speeds, road/vehicle dependencies, network hierarchies and turn restrictions. In the second contribution of this thesis, the problem was modeled as a mixed integer program. It is formulated as a min-max k-rural postmen problem with hierarchies, turn penalties, open tours and heterogeneous speed on a mixed graph. As expected, the formulation is intractable even for a number of arcs as low as 20. It was then decided to pursue the development of the ALNS algorithm. This decision was taken considering the long runtime of the first algorithm and the fact that the routes obtained can be visually improved. A collaboration with Fabien Lehuédé and Olivier Péton from the Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), IMT Atlantique was undertaken. Their expertise with ALNS greatly helped to improve the results obtained. Among other improvements brought to the algorithm, one can cite the transformation of the graph which allows to better take into account turn penalties during the computation of the shortest paths. This transformation also allows to better take into account the back alleys which only need one service in either direction. This contribution also allowed to develop and test new neighborhood operators and an arc grouping methodology. Both of these innovations improve the quality of the solutions obtained. However the efficiency of the new operators varies with the network. For the third contribution, we took back the case study as it was described by the collaborator in DM. It was said that the workload needs to be balanced among the vehicles. However some vehicles must also perform winter spreading in addition to plowing. For the first set of routes produced, some of the routes were deliberately left with a lower workload to allow them to perform winter spreading. For the third article, it was decided to consider the spreading and the plowing directly during the construction and the improvement steps. Thus this problem was tackled more directly in the third article. It must be noted that some vehicles are equipped to perform both winter spreading and snow plowing and some others can only perform plowing. When the former service a street, they can perform both plowing and spreading at the same time. When the latter service a street, a second passage is required to spread salt or abrasives. The algorithm developed for the second contribution was then adapted for this new problem. Moreover, the street/vehicle restriction constraints were also added. The result shows that the algorithm can produce a set of routes respecting the constraints of the new problem. It can take advantage of the interaction between the various types of vehicles. The article also shows that such tool can be beneficial in analyzing the requirements for new vehicles. In parallel with the development of the algorithms, data importation and exportation techniques from real road networks are also developed. It was chosen to use Shapefiles because of its good relative availability and because of its compatibility with Geographic Information System (GIS). A method to transfer from a geographical to a mathematical network is improved during the thesis. At the beginning, a Microsoft ExcelTM datasheet is used to transfer the data from the GIS to the metaheuristic. At the end, it is possible to fetch the data directly from the Shapefiles to the metaheuristic. As for the results obtained, at the beginning, they were provided in the form of a Shapefile for visualization and indications on sheets of paper for the operators. At the end, the results can be exported to the KML format. This type of file is compatible with several software such as Google EarthviewTM and application Global Positioning System (GPS) applications on mobile devices

A concise guide to existing and emerging vehicle routing problem variants

Vehicle routing problems have been the focus of extensive research over the past sixty years, driven by their economic importance and their theoretical interest. The diversity of applications has motivated the study of a myriad of problem variants with different attributes. In this article, we provide a concise overview of existing and emerging problem variants. Models are typically refined along three lines: considering more relevant objectives and performance metrics, integrating vehicle routing evaluations with other tactical decisions, and capturing fine-grained yet essential aspects of modern supply chains. We organize the main problem attributes within this structured framework. We discuss recent research directions and pinpoint current shortcomings, recent successes, and emerging challenges.</p