Resources and Tools:A Step-by-Step Methodological Guide for Costing HIV/AIDS Activities

Many developing countries have recognized the need for comprehensive national reforms and comprehensive prevention, treatment, and care and support initiatives to reduce future transmission of and to meet the growing demand for HIV/AIDS services. As a part of these national health reform initiatives, governments are exploring ways to allocate resources in the most efficient and effective way to mitigate the HIV/AIDS epidemic. However, many countries lack information on the level and nature of the costs of HIV/AIDS programs. This document provides an introduction to the procedure for calculating and analyzing the costs of HIV/AIDS programs and describes how to measure directly the actual costs of a program that is up and running. The step-by-step guide is intended to provide project managers in the field with a framework for how to do measure costs for a single, recent year in the life of an HIV/AIDS program. An illustrative activities list in the report annex will assist the user to develop an activities-based framework. The information gleaned from the costing framework will enable policymakers and program managers to make informed resource allocation decisions

Creating a Profile for Injection Drug Users Utilizing Data from the Change Point Syringe Exchange Program in Reno, Nevada

Understanding the unique characteristics of injection drug users can enhance the reduction and transmission of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Syringe exchange programs provide resources to reduce the behavioral harms of infectious disease among injection drug users. This paper describes a descriptive study performed at the Nevada HOPES Change Point Syringe Exchange Program utilizing interviews of injection drug users regarding their drug use behaviors, HIV and HCV status, and attitudes regarding the program's impact on their behaviors. Of total clients that participated (n=31), most used the program primarily for sterile syringe and drug equipment but were aware of testing and referral resources. 22 clients (66%) reported current methamphetamine use, 29 (90%) reported prior HIV testing, 27 (84%) reported prior HCV testing, 0 reported HIV positive status and 10 clients (28%) reported HCV positive status. The findings of this study overall suggests the program reduces reuse or sharing of drug equipment as well as a modest effect on thoughts regarding cessation of drug use. This study provides insight for ongoing allocation of resources and future considerations by public health authorities in the state of Nevada regarding the impact of syringe exchange programs on risks like Hepatitis C exposure related to injection drug use behavior

The Meaning of Memory Safety

We give a rigorous characterization of what it means for a programming language to be memory safe, capturing the intuition that memory safety supports local reasoning about state. We formalize this principle in two ways. First, we show how a small memory-safe language validates a noninterference property: a program can neither affect nor be affected by unreachable parts of the state. Second, we extend separation logic, a proof system for heap-manipulating programs, with a memory-safe variant of its frame rule. The new rule is stronger because it applies even when parts of the program are buggy or malicious, but also weaker because it demands a stricter form of separation between parts of the program state. We also consider a number of pragmatically motivated variations on memory safety and the reasoning principles they support. As an application of our characterization, we evaluate the security of a previously proposed dynamic monitor for memory safety of heap-allocated data.Comment: POST'18 final versio

Dynamic resource allocation in a hierarchical multiprocessor system: A preliminary study

An integrated system approach to dynamic resource allocation is proposed. Some of the problems in dynamic resource allocation and the relationship of these problems to system structures are examined. A general dynamic resource allocation scheme is presented. A hierarchial system architecture which dynamically maps between processor structure and programs at multiple levels of instantiations is described. Simulation experiments were conducted to study dynamic resource allocation on the proposed system. Preliminary evaluation based on simple dynamic resource allocation algorithms indicates that with the proposed system approach, the complexity of dynamic resource management could be significantly reduced while achieving reasonable effective dynamic resource allocation

Resource allocation in a university environment : a test of the Ruefli, Freeland, and Davis goal programming decomposition algorithms / BEBR No. 735

Bibliography: p. 20-22

The Regional Response to Federal Funding for Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects

Examines the efficacy of federal funding for non-motorized modes of transportation based on funding patterns across metropolitan regions, case studies of policies and projects, and an analysis of the funding's impact on bicycling and walking behavior

Gendered production and consumption in rural Africa

Recent research underscores the continued importance of gender in rural Africa. Analysis of interactions within households is becoming more sophisticated and continues to reject the unitary model. There is some evidence of discriminatory treatment of girls relative to boys, although the magnitudes of differential investments in health and schooling are not large and choices seem quite responsive to changes in opportunity costs. Social norms proscribing and prescribing male and female economic behavior remain substantial, extending into many domains, especially land tenure. Gender constructions are constantly evolving, although there is little evidence of rapid, transformative change in rural areas