Étude et évaluation de la consommation énergétique d'une balise ferroviaire fondée sur l'ULB et le retournement temporel.

In railway signaling, accurate and safe localization of trains is of paramount importance for the safe exploitation of railway networks. Therefore, train odometry has received considerable interest. Usually, train odometers manage different embarked sensors including wheel counters and Doppler radars that compute the position and the speed of the trains. However, as trains move, these proprioceptive sensors accumulate drifts and, as a consequence, train localization accuracy is compromised after several kilometers. In order to fix this drift problem, railway signaling uses beacons installed at ground, on the track, between the rails. Installed every several kilometers, they transmit absolute localization information to trains passing over them thus, bringing back locally the drifts to zero. These beacons constitute major components of railway signaling and also one of the very last equipment installed between the rails. Existing railway beacons are placed on the rails for two main reasons. First of all, since in these conditions the radio link between the train and the beacons remains very short, in the order of a few tens of centimeters, placing the beacons on the rails is very helpful to deliver an accurate local absolute localization to the train. Moreover using this very short radio communication range, while passing over them, trains can supply electrical energy to the beacons by magnetically coupling radiofrequency energy from the train to the beacon. This radiofrequency energy is detected and converted in DC power supply to feed the beacon electronics. This very short range leads to a satisfactory transfer of energy between train and beacon. As indicated previously, beacons can just be position indicators; however, they can also handle communication between grounds and trains using a peer to peer radio link. In this case, communication is only active when the train passes over the beacons, thus, the effective communication time is very short. As another major drawback of this particular implementation between the rails, track maintenance requires disassembling the beacons and then repositioning them safely and accurately.Dans un contexte où les ressources énergétiques sont moindres et la demande en termes de débit de communication est forte, il est intéressant de proposer des solutions techniques au niveau de la couche physique permettant d’optimiser la consommation énergétique de systèmes. Actuellement, pour une localisation précise et un transfert de données entre voie et trains efficace, la signalisation ferroviaire exploite des balises disposées entre les rails. La durée possible de la communication entre trains et balises s’avère très brève et n’est effective que lorsque le train passe juste au-dessus de la balise. Celle-ci reste en état de veille jusqu’à ce que le train la télé alimente lors de son passage. Le temps de communication utile entre le train et la balise s’établit à 3-4 ms pour un train roulant à 300 km/h. Par conséquent, plusieurs équipements consécutifs doivent être installés si l’on veut accroître la durée d’échange ou encore la quantité de données échangées. En outre, le fait d’émettre continument un puissant signal de télé alimentation radiofréquence non exploité depuis tous les trains en circulation, la difficulté de maintenance liée à la présence de cet équipement entre les rails, ainsi que la portée et donc la capacité de communication réduites des balises actuelles constituent autant de limitations que nous tentons de pallier avec ce nouvel équipement. Dès lors, nous développons une nouvelle génération de balise ferroviaire fondée sur un lien radiofréquence qui possède une portée atteignant quelques mètres, nettement plus importante que celle exploitable actuellement. Cette balise est également située en bord de voie et non entre les rails pour des questions de facilité de maintenance. Nous utilisons une technique de focalisation du signal émis depuis la balise vers l’antenne embarquée sur le train. Puisque la distance de communication balise au sol - interrogateur est portée à quelques mètres, la télé alimentation par couplage inductif actuelle n’est plus possible. Disposer d’une infrastructure centrale pour alimenter toutes les balises présentes sur le réseau n’est pas réaliste non plus. Une solution raisonnable et économe consiste à générer de l’énergie électrique basse tension localement en utilisant des énergies renouvelables (solaire, éolienne…), et en limitant le plus possible la consommation d’énergie de l’électronique de la balise. Dans cette optique, la contribution scientifique présentée consiste à développer et à optimiser, en termes d’énergie consommée, la couche physique de communication de cet équipement

Optimal Waveforms Design for Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radio Sensors

Ultra-wideband impulse radio (UWB-IR) sensors should comply entirely with the regulatory spectral limits for elegant coexistence. Under this premise, it is desirable for UWB pulses to improve frequency utilization to guarantee the transmission reliability. Meanwhile, orthogonal waveform division multiple-access (WDMA) is significant to mitigate mutual interferences in UWB sensor networks. Motivated by the considerations, we suggest in this paper a low complexity pulse forming technique, and its efficient implementation on DSP is investigated. The UWB pulse is derived preliminarily with the objective of minimizing the mean square error (MSE) between designed power spectrum density (PSD) and the emission mask. Subsequently, this pulse is iteratively modified until its PSD completely conforms to spectral constraints. The orthogonal restriction is then analyzed and different algorithms have been presented. Simulation demonstrates that our technique can produce UWB waveforms with frequency utilization far surpassing the other existing signals under arbitrary spectral mask conditions. Compared to other orthogonality design schemes, the designed pulses can maintain mutual orthogonality without any penalty on frequency utilization, and hence, are much superior in a WDMA network, especially with synchronization deviations

JTIT

kwartalni

Efficient complementary sequences-based architectures and their application to ranging measurements

Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado de la UAH en 2015En las últimas décadas, los sistemas de medición de distancias se han beneficiado de los avances en el área de las comunicaciones inalámbricas. En los sistemas basados en CDMA (Code-Division Multiple-Access), las propiedades de correlación de las secuencias empleadas juegan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de dispositivos de medición de altas prestaciones. Debido a las sumas ideales de correlaciones aperiódicas, los conjuntos de secuencias complementarias, CSS (Complementary Sets of Sequences), son ampliamente utilizados en sistemas CDMA. En ellos, es deseable el uso de arquitecturas eficientes que permitan generar y correlar CSS del mayor número de secuencias y longitudes posibles. Por el término eficiente se hace referencia a aquellas arquitecturas que requieren menos operaciones por muestra de entrada que con una arquitectura directa. Esta tesis contribuye al desarrollo de arquitecturas eficientes de generación/correlación de CSS y derivadas, como son las secuencias LS (Loosely Synchronized) y GPC (Generalized Pairwise Complementary), que permitan aumentar el número de longitudes y/o de secuencias disponibles. Las contribuciones de la tesis pueden dividirse en dos bloques: En primer lugar, las arquitecturas eficientes de generación/correlación para CSS binarios, derivadas en trabajos previos, son generalizadas al alfabeto multinivel (secuencias con valores reales) mediante el uso de matrices de Hadamard multinivel. Este planteamiento tiene dos ventajas: por un lado el aumento del número de longitudes que pueden generarse/correlarse y la eliminación de las limitaciones de las arquitecturas previas en el número de secuencias en el conjunto. Por otro lado, bajo ciertas condiciones, los parámetros de las arquitecturas generalizadas pueden ajustarse para generar/correlar eficientemente CSS binarios de mayor número de longitudes que con las arquitecturas eficientes previas. En segundo lugar, las arquitecturas propuestas son usadas para el desarrollo de nuevos algoritmos de generación/correlación de secuencias derivadas de CSS que reducen el número de operaciones por muestra de entrada. Finalmente, se presenta la aplicación de las secuencias estudiadas en un nuevo sistema de posicionamiento local basado en Ultra-Wideband y en un sistema de posicionamiento local basado en ultrasonidos

A General Framework for Analyzing, Characterizing, and Implementing Spectrally Modulated, Spectrally Encoded Signals

Fourth generation (4G) communications will support many capabilities while providing universal, high speed access. One potential enabler for these capabilities is software defined radio (SDR). When controlled by cognitive radio (CR) principles, the required waveform diversity is achieved via a synergistic union called CR-based SDR. Research is rapidly progressing in SDR hardware and software venues, but current CR-based SDR research lacks the theoretical foundation and analytic framework to permit efficient implementation. This limitation is addressed here by introducing a general framework for analyzing, characterizing, and implementing spectrally modulated, spectrally encoded (SMSE) signals within CR-based SDR architectures. Given orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a 4G candidate signal, OFDM-based signals are collectively classified as SMSE since modulation and encoding are spectrally applied. The proposed framework provides analytic commonality and unification of SMSE signals. Applicability is first shown for candidate 4G signals, and resultant analytic expressions agree with published results. Implementability is then demonstrated in multiple coexistence scenarios via modeling and simulation to reinforce practical utility

Performance study of air interface for broadband wireless packet access

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Radio resource scheduling and smart antennas in cellular CDMA communication systems

This thesis discusses two important subjects in multi-user wireless communication systems, radio resource scheduler (RRS) and smart antenna. RRS optimizes the available resources among users to increase the capacity and enhance the system performance. The RRS optimization procedure is based on the network conditions (link gain, interference, …) and the required quality of service (QoS) of each user. The CDMA system capacity and performance can be greatly enhanced by reducing the interferences. One of the techniques to reduce the interferences is by exploiting the spatial structure of the interferences. This could be done by using smart antennas which are the second subject of this thesis. The joining procedures of the smart antennas and RRS are discussed as well. Multi-Objective optimization approach is proposed to solve the radio resource scheduler problems. New algorithms are derived namely the Multi-Objective Distributed Power Control (MODPC) algorithm, Multi-Objective Distributed Power and Rate Control (MODPRC) algorithm, and Maximum Throughput and Minimum Power Control (MTMPC) algorithm. Other modified versions of these algorithms have been obtained such as Multi-Objective Totally Distributed Power and Rate Control (MOTDPRC) algorithm, which can be used when only one-bit quantized Carrier to Interference Ratio (CIR) is available. Kalman filter is proposed as a second technique to solve the RRS problem. The motivation to use Kalman filter is the known fact that Kalman filter is the optimum linear tracking device on the basis of second order statistics. The RRS is formulated in state space form. Two different formulations are introduced. New simple and efficient estimation of the CIR is presented. The method is used to construct a novel power control algorithm called Estimated Step Power Control (ESPC) algorithm. The smart antenna concepts and algorithms are discussed. New adaptation algorithm is proposed. It is called General Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (GMVDR) algorithm. The joining of MIMO smart antennas and radio resource scheduler is investigated. Kalman filter is suggested as a simple algorithm to join smart antenna and multi-rate power control in a new way. The performance of the RRS of CDMA cellular communication systems in the presence of smart antenna is studied.reviewe

Mejora de la Arquitectura de Acceso Radio UMTS mediante Multinodos B

Dada la creciente demanda de servicios multimedia en movilidad, las operadoras de telefonía móvil necesitan aumentar constantemente la capacidad de sus sistemas. En ocasiones la única solución posible para mejorar las prestaciones del sistema es incrementar el número de transmisores, siendo ésta una solución costosa. Además, en UMTS utilizar más emplazamientos macro-celulares no siempre garantiza una mayor capacidad del sistema, por los grandes problemas de interferencia mutua que sufren dos macro-celdas si se encuentran demasiado próximas. La única solución que se puede adoptar en estos casos es hacer uso de redes jerárquicas celulares, añadiendo micro-celdas que utilicen una frecuencia de portadora distinta. Esta Tesis Doctoral aporta una visión complementaria al despliegue de las redes jerárquicas y propone aprovechar dicho despliegue para modificar las redes de acceso radio UMTS con nueva arquitectura de nodos B múltiples o Multinodo B. El sistema a desarrollar utiliza la tecnología de nodos B UMTS a los que se conectan un número de antenas distribuidas en diferentes puntos del área de servicio, conformando el equivalente a un array distribuido espacialmente. La incorporación de técnicas de procesado en array junto con mecanismos de gestión dinámica de recursos y la tecnología de enlaces ópticos proporcionarán a este sistema una estructura de acceso radio óptima en entornos micro-celulares y en interiores, con gran flexibilidad y adaptabilidad. Las ventajas de utilizar esta configuración, que se detallan a lo largo de la Tesis Doctoral, son fundamentalmente la mejora de la capacidad de la red de acceso, minimización del impacto radioeléctrico y óptima gestión de recursos. En primer lugar, en esta Tesis Doctoral se demuestra que la nueva arquitectura radio es capaz de dotar al sistema UMTS de una diversidad espacial adicional, diversidad que mejorará los requerimientos de potencia recibida en los terminales, sobre todo en los escenarios micro-celulares. RespectoMonserrat Del Río, JF. (2007). Mejora de la Arquitectura de Acceso Radio UMTS mediante Multinodos B [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1937Palanci

Low-power adaptive control scheme using switching activity measurement method for reconfigurable analog-to-digital converters

Power consumption is a critical issue for portable devices. The ever-increasing demand for multimode wireless applications and the growing concerns towards power-aware green technology make dynamically reconfigurable hardware an attractive solution for overcoming the power issue. This is due to its advantages of flexibility, reusability, and adaptability. During the last decade, reconfigurable analog-to-digital converters (ReADCs) have been used to support multimode wireless applications. With the ability to adaptively scale the power consumption according to different operation modes, reconfigurable devices utilise the power supply efficiently. This can prolong battery life and reduce unnecessary heat emission to the environment. However, current adaptive mechanisms for ReADCs rely upon external control signals generated using digital signal processors (DSPs) in the baseband. This thesis aims to provide a single-chip solution for real-time and low-power ReADC implementations that can adaptively change the converter resolution according to signal variations without the need of the baseband processing. Specifically, the thesis focuses on the analysis, design and implementation of a low-power digital controller unit for ReADCs. In this study, the following two important reconfigurability issues are investigated: i) the detection mechanism for an adaptive implementation, and ii) the measure of power and area overheads that are introduced by the adaptive control modules. This thesis outlines four main achievements to address these issues. The first achievement is the development of the switching activity measurement (SWAM) method to detect different signal components based upon the observation of the output of an ADC. The second achievement is a proposed adaptive algorithm for ReADCs to dynamically adjust the resolution depending upon the variations in the input signal. The third achievement is an ASIC implementation of the adaptive control module for ReADCs. The module achieves low reconfiguration overheads in terms of area and power compared with the main analog part of a ReADC. The fourth achievement is the development of a low-power noise detection module using a conventional ADC for signal improvement. Taken together, the findings from this study demonstrate the potential use of switching activity information of an ADC to adaptively control the circuits, and simultaneously expanding the functionality of the ADC in electronic systems