A test platform for dependability analysis of SoCs Exposed to EMI and radiation

With the IEC 62.132 proposal, the roadmap for standardization of Electromagnetic (EM) immunity measurement methods has reached a high degree of success. The same understanding can be taken from the MIL-STD-883 H for Total Ionizing Dose (TID) radiation. However, no effort has been made to measure the behavior of electronics operating under the combined effects of both, EM noise and TID radiation. For the reasons pointed out, the combined-effect measurements should be mandatory when dealing with Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) devoted to critical applications. In this paper, we present a configurable platform devoted to perform combined tests of EM immunity and TID radiation of SoCs according to the international standards.Fil: Benfica, Juliano. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Bolzani Poehls, Letícia Maria. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Vargas, Fabian. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Lipovetzky, José. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lutenberg, Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gatti, Edmundo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial. Centro de Electrónica e Informática; ArgentinaFil: Hernandez, Fernando. Universidad ORT Uruguay; Urugua

Plataforma para testes e qualificação de dispositivos reconfiguráveis e sistemas em chip, submetidos aos efeitos combinados da interferência eletromagnética e da radiação ionizante

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2015.Este trabalho investiga os efeitos combinados da radiação e interferência eletromagnética em sistemas embarcados críticos baseados em dispositivos reconfiguráveis (FPGAs). Os efeitos investigados podem ser resultantes de interferência eletromagnética, conduzida ou radiada, ou através de radiação ionizante, por acúmulo de dose total (Total Ionizing Dose, ou TID) ou por efeitos de evento único, denominados de Single Event Effects (SEE). Dispositivos do tipo FPGA têm sido cada vez mais utilizados em sistemas críticos, devido a sua versatilidade, desempenho e robustez. O presente estudo contribui para a caracterização e qualificação de dispositivos FPGAs quando em funcionamento em ambientes ruidosos. O cenário descrito motivou a proposta deste trabalho, que contempla três objetivos principais: (1) O projeto, desenvolvimento e validação de uma plataforma para ensaios combinados de radiação e de interferência eletromagnética (conduzida e radiada) usando como referência o conjunto de normas IEC 62.132. (2) Desenvolver uma metodologia para qualificar sistemas em chip (SoCs) implementados em FPGA levando-se em conta os efeitos combinados da radiação (TID e SEE) e da interferência eletromagnética (EMI radiada e conduzida); (3) Demonstrar a utilização integrada da metodologia e plataforma para qualificação destes dispositivos e os sistemas em chip utilizados no que diz respeito à dose de radiação, tempo de atraso entre entrada e saída, tensão mínima de funcionamento, consumo de corrente dinâmico, nível de campo eletromagnético máximo suportado antes da falha, a faixa de frequências em que os dispositivos apresentaram falhas com outros valores de campo e a sensibilidade à Single Event Upsets (SEU) tendo seus efeitos combinados com TID e EMI. Cabe salientar que estas plataformas de testes deste nível e para este propósito não foram encontradas na literatura nem no Brasil nem no exterior, nos motivando ainda mais a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento pela sua originalidade e grande utilidade para projetos que envolvem sistemas em chip utilizando FPGAs quando submetidos à radiação e à EMI. Principalmente quando aplicado a sistemas embarcados para aplicações críticas. A plataforma desenvolvida é baseada em três placas específicas e complementares em duas versões. A primeira é dedicada para ensaios com radiação ionizante, e pode ser utilizada em uma câmara aceleradora de partículas ou em uma Gamma Cell (para exposição a raios gama) ou ainda em equipamentos de raios X. A segunda placa é dedicada para o teste de imunidade à EMI radiada utilizando uma Giga-hertz Transverse Electromagnetic Cell (GTEM Cell) de acordo com a norma IEC 62.132-2 e a terceira é uma placa de injeção de EMI conduzido pelas linhas de alimentação do circuito, e usou como referência a norma IEC 61.000-4-29. Com a plataforma e metodologia apresentadas neste trabalho foi possível comprovar que quanto maior a dose de radiação recebida, mais susceptível o dispositivo fica quando exposto à EMI, aumentando em pelo menos 30% a quantidade de falhas, em até 230% o tempo de atraso entre entrada e saída e em até 19% o consumo de corrente dinâmico do dispositivo. Assim como quanto maior a dose de radiação sofrida, maior será a sensibilidade à SEU. Com os limites de operação apresentados para os FPGAs em teste, o projetista pode decidir se o dispositivo está ou não qualificado para o seu uso em determinada aplicação.Abstract : The combined effects of radiation and electromagnetic interference in reconfigurable devices (FPGAs) are explored in this work. The investigated effects can originate from radiated or conducted electromagnetic interference, through ionizing radiation, by accumulation of total dose (Total Ionizing Dose TID) or by Single Event Effects also known as SEE. Since FPGA devices have been increasingly used in critical systems, due to their versatility, performance and robustness, this study contributes to the characterization and qualification of FPGAs devices when operating in noisy environments. The described scenario resulted in a proposal with three main objectives: (1) The design, development and validation of a platform for combined tests for radiation and electromagnetic interference (conducted and radiated) with reference to IEC 62.132 standards. (2) Development of a methodology to qualify systems on chip (SoC) implemented in FPGA taking into account the combined effects of radiation (TID and SEE) and electromagnetic interference (EMI radiated and conduced); (3) Demonstrate the combined use of the methodology and platform for qualifications of these devices and SoC used with respect to radiation dose, time delay between input and output, minimum operating voltage, the dynamic power consumption, electromagnetic field level supported before failure, the frequency range in which the devices had failures with other field values and sensitivity to Single Event Upsets (SEU) with TID and EMI combined effects. It should be emphasized that these test platforms, at this level and for this purpose have not been found in the literature either in Brazil or in other countries, motivating this research and development for its originality and use in projects involving systems on chip on FPGAs when exposed to radiation and EMI. Especially when applied to embedded systems for critical applications. The developed platform is based on three specific and complementary boards in two versions. The first one is dedicated to radiation immunity test according to the IEC 62132-2 standard, and can be used in a particle accelerator chamber (e.g. protons) Gamma Cell (for gamma rays exposure) or in X ray equipment s. The second board is dedicated to radiated noise immunity testing in a Giga- Hertz Transverse Electromagnetic Cell (GTEM Cell) referenced by the IEC 62.132-2 standard. The third one is a board for conducted EMI injection by the circuit supply lines referenced by the IEC 61.000-4-29 standard. With the platform and methodology presented in this work it was possible to prove that the higher radiation dose received, the more susceptible when exposed to EMI the device is, increasing by at least 30 % the number of failures, up to 230 % the time delay between input and output and up to 19 % dynamic current consuming of the device. As well as the higher the radiation dose suffered, the more sensitivity to SEU is. With operating limits presented for FPGAs under test, the designer can decide if the device is qualified or not for use in a particular application

Multi-core devices for safety-critical systems: a survey

Multi-core devices are envisioned to support the development of next-generation safety-critical systems, enabling the on-chip integration of functions of different criticality. This integration provides multiple system-level potential benefits such as cost, size, power, and weight reduction. However, safety certification becomes a challenge and several fundamental safety technical requirements must be addressed, such as temporal and spatial independence, reliability, and diagnostic coverage. This survey provides a categorization and overview at different device abstraction levels (nanoscale, component, and device) of selected key research contributions that support the compliance with these fundamental safety requirements.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grant TIN2015-65316-P, Basque Government under grant KK-2019-00035 and the HiPEAC Network of Excellence. The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness has also partially supported Jaume Abella under Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship (RYC-2013-14717).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

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Cyber-Physical Threat Intelligence for Critical Infrastructures Security

Modern critical infrastructures can be considered as large scale Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Therefore, when designing, implementing, and operating systems for Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), the boundaries between physical security and cybersecurity are blurred. Emerging systems for Critical Infrastructures Security and Protection must therefore consider integrated approaches that emphasize the interplay between cybersecurity and physical security techniques. Hence, there is a need for a new type of integrated security intelligence i.e., Cyber-Physical Threat Intelligence (CPTI). This book presents novel solutions for integrated Cyber-Physical Threat Intelligence for infrastructures in various sectors, such as Industrial Sites and Plants, Air Transport, Gas, Healthcare, and Finance. The solutions rely on novel methods and technologies, such as integrated modelling for cyber-physical systems, novel reliance indicators, and data driven approaches including BigData analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Some of the presented approaches are sector agnostic i.e., applicable to different sectors with a fair customization effort. Nevertheless, the book presents also peculiar challenges of specific sectors and how they can be addressed. The presented solutions consider the European policy context for Security, Cyber security, and Critical Infrastructure protection, as laid out by the European Commission (EC) to support its Member States to protect and ensure the resilience of their critical infrastructures. Most of the co-authors and contributors are from European Research and Technology Organizations, as well as from European Critical Infrastructure Operators. Hence, the presented solutions respect the European approach to CIP, as reflected in the pillars of the European policy framework. The latter includes for example the Directive on security of network and information systems (NIS Directive), the Directive on protecting European Critical Infrastructures, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Cybersecurity Act Regulation. The sector specific solutions that are described in the book have been developed and validated in the scope of several European Commission (EC) co-funded projects on Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), which focus on the listed sectors. Overall, the book illustrates a rich set of systems, technologies, and applications that critical infrastructure operators could consult to shape their future strategies. It also provides a catalogue of CPTI case studies in different sectors, which could be useful for security consultants and practitioners as well

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