46 research outputs found

    TOWARDS OPTIMAL OPERATION AND CONTROL OF EMERGING ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

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    The growing integration of power-electronics converters enabled components causes low inertia in the evolving electric distribution networks, which also suffer from uncertainties due to renewable energy sources, electric demands, and anomalies caused by physical or cyber attacks, etc. These issues are addressed in this dissertation. First, a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) solution is provided for solar photovoltaics (PVs) to address the issues of low inertia and system uncertainties. Furthermore, for a campus AC microgrid, coordinated control of the PV-VSG and a combined heat and power (CHP) unit is proposed and validated. Second, for islanded AC microgrids composed of SGs and PVs, an improved three-layer predictive hierarchical power management framework is presented to provide economic operation and cyber-physical security while reducing uncertainties. This scheme providessuperior frequency regulation capability and maintains low system operating costs. Third, a decentralized strategy for coordinating adaptive controls of PVs and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in islanded DC nanogrids is presented. Finally, for transient stability evaluation (TSE) of emerging electric distribution networks dominated by EV supercharging stations, a data-driven region of attraction (ROA) estimation approach is presented. The proposed data-driven method is more computationally efficient than traditional model-based methods, and it also allows for real-time ROA estimation for emerging electric distribution networks with complex dynamics

    Convergence of Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems

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    This book is a collection of published articles from the Sensors Special Issue on "Convergence of Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems". It includes extended versions of the conference contributions from the 10th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS’2019), Metz, France, as well as external contributions

    Energy Harvesting and Energy Storage Systems

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    This book discuss the recent developments in energy harvesting and energy storage systems. Sustainable development systems are based on three pillars: economic development, environmental stewardship, and social equity. One of the guiding principles for finding the balance between these pillars is to limit the use of non-renewable energy sources

    Modeling and Control of Battery Management Systems with High-Frequency AC Link Coupled Multiport Series Resonant Converters for 2nd Life Battery Applications

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    While the use and production of Electric Vehicles becomes more prevalent, it is also important to make this economical and ensure the reduction of a carbon footprint. Second-life batteries can satisfy both problems as batteries can be used in a second-life application for lower power purposes such as supplementing the grid so the infrastructure needed to charge the expanding fleet of Electric Vehicles can be easily supplied. This thesis goes through the process of Active Cell Balancing which will produce equal capacities, or similar batteries, that can be more efficiently used in these and other types of second-life applications. The process is expanded through series connection of the converters and modules of batteries so the process can be used for up to 96 Nissan Cells at a time. This project at Utah State University will also entail the removal and replacement of these Nissan battery cells while running to ensure quick but smooth balancing of hundreds of batteries

    Data acquisition for Germanium-detector arrays

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    Die Wandlung von analogen zu digitalen Signalen und die anschließende online/offline Verarbeitung ist die technologische Voraussetzung zahlreicher Experimente. Für diese Aufgaben werden häufig sogenannte Analog-Digital-Wandler (ADC) und FPGAs („field-programmable gate array“) eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Evaluierung der FPGA und ADC Komponenten für die geplante FlashCAM 2.0 DAQ (FC2.0 DAQ). Die Entwicklung der ersten FlashCAM (1.0) DAQ (FC1.0 DAQ) wurde unter Federführung des Max-Planck-Instituts für Kernphysik im Jahre 2012 begonnen und war ursprünglich eine exklusive Entwicklung für das Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Experiment. In der Zwischenzeit wird FlashCAM in zahlreichen Experimenten (HESS, HAWK, LEGEND-200, etc.) eingesetzt, die sowohl Photomultiplier (PMTs) als auch High Purity Germanium (HPGe) Detektoren umfassen. Beide Detektorentypen unterscheiden sich massiv in ihren Anforderungen und können auch von der neuen DAQ abgedeckt werden. Das Themengebiert der Arbeit umfasst den gesamten funktionellen Umfang einer modernen DAQ. Moderne DAQ Systeme benötigen eine möglichst hohe Read Out Performance zwischen dem DAQ Board und dem es kontrollierenden Server. Die Umsetzung eines leistungsfähigen Firmware Designs und das Design einer hierauf angepassten Hardware/Softwareschnittstelle wird am Beispiel der Zynq Familie vorgestellt. Die Zynq-Familie von Xilinx ist von besonderem Interesse, da der Hardwarehersteller Trenz Elektronik ein flexibles, einfach aufsteckbares Modulkonzept mit verschiedenen SoCs der Zynq-Serie anbietet. Neben der Read Out Performance einer DAQ ist ihre Auflösungsgrenze von entscheidender Bedeutung für das Gelingen des finalen Experiments. Die verwendete FADC Karte muss sich daher durch exzellente SNR und Linearitätseigenschaften auszeichnen. Die Evaluierung solcher FADC Karten setzt ein Testsetup voraus, dass in Signalreinheit und Stabilität die hohen Anforderungen der devices under test übertreffen muss. Praktisch sind diese Bedingungen nur unter hohem (Kosten) Aufwand erreichbar. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden daher auch alternative Testkonzepte entwickelt, die mit akzeptablen Abstrichen in der Genauigkeit eine Messung im experimentellen Umfeld ermöglichen können. Da sich die Themengebiete in ihrem Inhalt deutlich unterscheiden, wurde die vorliegende Arbeit in zwei Themenkomplexe aufgeteilt. Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einsatz der Zynq Familie in der geplanten „FlashCAM“ Nachfolger DAQ. Der zweite Teil widmet sich der ADC Nichtlinearitätsbestimmung. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Arbeit lassen sich folgt zusammenfassen: ▪ Die „High Performance“ (HP) Schnittstellen der Zynq-UltraScale+ haben eine aussetzerfreie Bandbreite von 2.4 GB/s in den externen Arbeitsspeicher der Trenz Module. Wird noch zusätzlich die standardmäßig vorhandene 1 Gb PS-Ethernet Verbindung betrieben, verbleibt der CPU noch eine Bandbreite von mindestens 0.5 GB/s in den Arbeitsspeicher. Im Fall der Zynq-7000 Serie ist eine effiziente Implementierung der HP Schnittstellen schwierig, da die CPU nur vergleichsweise niedrige Arbeitsspeicherzugriffsraten erreicht. Die HP Schnittstellen sind eine wichtige Designalternative da ein durchgehender Datentransfer in den externen Arbeitsspeicher ein Design ermöglichen würde dass weniger stark durch den verfügbaren FPGA internen Speicher begrenzt ist. Dies wäre besonders für Anwendungen in der HPGe-Spektroskopie wünschenswert, da der praktische Nutzen des verwendeten Designs stark von der zur Verfügung stehende Puffergröße abhängt. ▪ Die “Accelerator Coherency” Schnittstelle (ACP) ermöglicht ein direkter Datentransfer aus der FPGA in den Cache der Zynq-CPU. Die entworfene ACP-CMA hat eine Bandweite von bis zu 2.4 GB/s und bietet für Cache-CPU Zugriffe noch ausreichend Reserve. Dass die Zynq-CPU die Cachedaten ohne ein Abwürgen der ACP-CMA verarbeiten kann, ist entscheidend. Wäre dies nicht der Fall könnte die CPU im Parallelbetrieb von Ethernet und ACP-CMA nicht die notwendigen Vorarbeiten zur Ethernet-Übertragung („Event Building“) bewältigen. In der Evaluierung wurde eine maximale Event Building Bandbreite von 0.7 GB/s festgestellt. Wahrscheinlich ist die reale maximale Bandbreite deutlich höher anzusiedeln. Einschränkend muss betont werden, dass in praktischen Applikationen zusätzliche Einschränkungen in Kraft treten, die de-facto einen kontinuierlichen Betrieb der ACP-CMA unmöglich machen. Diese Einschränkungen – die nicht prinzipieller Natur sind - wurden in der durchgeführten Ermittlung nicht berücksichtigt. Da weiterhin alle Zynq-FPGAs über einen Cache verfügen, ist die ACP-CMA eine Designlösung, die auf allen verfügbaren Zynq-FPGAs sinnvoll implementiert werden kann. Dies unterscheidet sie von der entwickelten HP-DMA, die häufig nur für Implementierungen in einer Zynq-UltraScale FPGA interessant ist. ▪ Der neuentwickelte FC2.0 Prototype wurde bereits in experimentellen Setups eingesetzt. Als Anwendungsbeispiel dient die Messung und Analyse eines γ-ray Spektrums eines HPGe-Detektors. ▪ Der Erfolg einer ADC Nichtlinearitätsbestimmungen ist stark von der Signalreinheit des verwendeten Eingangssignal abhängig. In Simulationen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die neu entwickelten Verfahren nur relativ schwach durch Pulsernichtlinearitäten verfälscht werden. Einen praktischen Vergleich zwischen den neuen und einer klassischen Methode konnte keinen signifikanten Unterschied feststellen. Die untersuchten Methoden können daher für eine zukünftige Implementation in FC2.0 empfohlen werden

    Data Acquistion for Germanium-Detector Arrays

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    Architecting a One-to-many Traffic-Aware and Secure Millimeter-Wave Wireless Network-in-Package Interconnect for Multichip Systems

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    With the aggressive scaling of device geometries, the yield of complex Multi Core Single Chip(MCSC) systems with many cores will decrease due to the higher probability of manufacturing defects especially, in dies with a large area. Disintegration of large System-on-Chips(SoCs) into smaller chips called chiplets has shown to improve the yield and cost of complex systems. Therefore, platform-based computing modules such as embedded systems and micro-servers have already adopted Multi Core Multi Chip (MCMC) architectures overMCSC architectures. Due to the scaling of memory intensive parallel applications in such systems, data is more likely to be shared among various cores residing in different chips resulting in a significant increase in chip-to-chip traffic, especially one-to-many traffic. This one-to-many traffic is originated mainly to maintain cache-coherence between many cores residing in multiple chips. Besides, one-to-many traffics are also exploited by many parallel programming models, system-level synchronization mechanisms, and control signals. How-ever, state-of-the-art Network-on-Chip (NoC)-based wired interconnection architectures do not provide enough support as they handle such one-to-many traffic as multiple unicast trafficusing a multi-hop MCMC communication fabric. As a result, even a small portion of such one-to-many traffic can significantly reduce system performance as traditional NoC-basedinterconnect cannot mask the high latency and energy consumption caused by chip-to-chipwired I/Os. Moreover, with the increase in memory intensive applications and scaling of MCMC systems, traditional NoC-based wired interconnects fail to provide a scalable inter-connection solution required to support the increased cache-coherence and synchronization generated one-to-many traffic in future MCMC-based High-Performance Computing (HPC) nodes. Therefore, these computation and memory intensive MCMC systems need an energy-efficient, low latency, and scalable one-to-many (broadcast/multicast) traffic-aware interconnection infrastructure to ensure high-performance. Research in recent years has shown that Wireless Network-in-Package (WiNiP) architectures with CMOS compatible Millimeter-Wave (mm-wave) transceivers can provide a scalable, low latency, and energy-efficient interconnect solution for on and off-chip communication. In this dissertation, a one-to-many traffic-aware WiNiP interconnection architecture with a starvation-free hybrid Medium Access Control (MAC), an asymmetric topology, and a novel flow control has been proposed. The different components of the proposed architecture are individually one-to-many traffic-aware and as a system, they collaborate with each other to provide required support for one-to-many traffic communication in a MCMC environment. It has been shown that such interconnection architecture can reduce energy consumption and average packet latency by 46.96% and 47.08% respectively for MCMC systems. Despite providing performance enhancements, wireless channel, being an unguided medium, is vulnerable to various security attacks such as jamming induced Denial-of-Service (DoS), eavesdropping, and spoofing. Further, to minimize the time-to-market and design costs, modern SoCs often use Third Party IPs (3PIPs) from untrusted organizations. An adversary either at the foundry or at the 3PIP design house can introduce a malicious circuitry, to jeopardize an SoC. Such malicious circuitry is known as a Hardware Trojan (HT). An HTplanted in the WiNiP from a vulnerable design or manufacturing process can compromise a Wireless Interface (WI) to enable illegitimate transmission through the infected WI resulting in a potential DoS attack for other WIs in the MCMC system. Moreover, HTs can be used for various other malicious purposes, including battery exhaustion, functionality subversion, and information leakage. This information when leaked to a malicious external attackercan reveals important information regarding the application suites running on the system, thereby compromising the user profile. To address persistent jamming-based DoS attack in WiNiP, in this dissertation, a secure WiNiP interconnection architecture for MCMC systems has been proposed that re-uses the one-to-many traffic-aware MAC and existing Design for Testability (DFT) hardware along with Machine Learning (ML) approach. Furthermore, a novel Simulated Annealing (SA)-based routing obfuscation mechanism was also proposed toprotect against an HT-assisted novel traffic analysis attack. Simulation results show that,the ML classifiers can achieve an accuracy of 99.87% for DoS attack detection while SA-basedrouting obfuscation could reduce application detection accuracy to only 15% for HT-assistedtraffic analysis attack and hence, secure the WiNiP fabric from age-old and emerging attacks

    Recent Trends in Communication Networks

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    In recent years there has been many developments in communication technology. This has greatly enhanced the computing power of small handheld resource-constrained mobile devices. Different generations of communication technology have evolved. This had led to new research for communication of large volumes of data in different transmission media and the design of different communication protocols. Another direction of research concerns the secure and error-free communication between the sender and receiver despite the risk of the presence of an eavesdropper. For the communication requirement of a huge amount of multimedia streaming data, a lot of research has been carried out in the design of proper overlay networks. The book addresses new research techniques that have evolved to handle these challenges

    SdrLift: A Domain-Specific Intermediate Hardware Synthesis Framework for Prototyping Software-Defined Radios

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    Modern design of Software-Defined Radio (SDR) applications is based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) due to their ability to be configured into solution architectures that are well suited to domain-specific problems while achieving the best trade-off between performance, power, area, and flexibility. FPGAs are well known for rich computational resources, which traditionally include logic, register, and routing resources. The increased technological advances have seen FPGAs incorporating more complex components that comprise sophisticated memory blocks, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) blocks, and high-speed interfacing to Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) and Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) bus. Gateware for programming FPGAs is described at a lowlevel of design abstraction using Register Transfer Language (RTL), typically using either VHSIC-HDL (VHDL) or Verilog code. In practice, the low-level description languages have a very steep learning curve, provide low productivity for hardware designers and lack readily available open-source library support for fundamental designs, and consequently limit the design to only hardware experts. These limitations have led to the adoption of High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools that raise design abstraction using syntax, semantics, and software development notations that are well-known to most software developers. However, while HLS has made programming of FPGAs more accessible and can increase the productivity of design, they are still not widely adopted in the design community due to the low-level skills that are still required to produce efficient designs. Additionally, the resultant RTL code from HLS tools is often difficult to decipher, modify and optimize due to the functionality and micro-architecture that are coupled together in a single High-Level Language (HLL). In order to alleviate these problems, Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) have been introduced to capture algorithms at a high level of abstraction with more expressive power and providing domain-specific optimizations that factor in new transformations and the trade-off between resource utilization and system performance. The problem of existing DSLs is that they are designed around imperative languages with an instruction sequence that does not match the hardware structure and intrinsics, leading to hardware designs with system properties that are unconformable to the high-level specifications and constraints. The aim of this thesis is, therefore, to design and implement an intermediatelevel framework namely SdrLift for use in high-level rapid prototyping of SDR applications that are based on an FPGA. The SdrLift input is a HLL developed using functional language constructs and design patterns that specify the structural behavior of the application design. The functionality of the SdrLift language is two-fold, first, it can be used directly by a designer to develop the SDR applications, secondly, it can be used as the Intermediate Representation (IR) step that is generated by a higher-level language or a DSL. The SdrLift compiler uses the dataflow graph as an IR to structurally represent the accelerator micro-architecture in which the components correspond to the fine-level and coarse-level Hardware blocks (HW Block) which are either auto-synthesized or integrated from existing reusable Intellectual Property (IP) core libraries. Another IR is in the form of a dataflow model and it is used for composition and global interconnection of the HW Blocks while making efficient interfacing decisions in an attempt to satisfy speed and resource usage objectives. Moreover, the dataflow model provides rules and properties that will be used to provide a theoretical framework that formally analyzes the characteristics of SDR applications (i.e. the throughput, sample rate, latency, and buffer size among other factors). Using both the directed graph flow (DFG) and the dataflow model in the SdrLift compiler provides two benefits: an abstraction of the microarchitecture from the high-level algorithm specifications and also decoupling of the microarchitecture from the low-level RTL implementation. Following the IR creation and model analyses is the VHDL code generation which employs the low-level optimizations that ensure optimal hardware design results. The code generation process per forms analysis to ensure the resultant hardware system conforms to the high-level design specifications and constraints. SdrLift is evaluated by developing representative SDR case studies, in which the VHDL code for eight different SDR applications is generated. The experimental results show that SdrLift achieves the desired performance and flexibility, while also conserving the hardware resources utilized

    Energy-Efficient Wireless Connectivity and Wireless Charging For Internet-of-Things (IoT) Applications

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    During the recent years, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) has been rapidly evolving. It is indeed the future of communication that has transformed Things of the real world into smarter devices. To date, the world has deployed billions of “smart” connected things. Predictions say there will be 10’s of billions of connected devices by 2025 and in our lifetime we will experience life with a trillion-node network. However, battery lifespan exhibits a critical barrier to scaling IoT devices. Replacing batteries on a trillion-sensor scale is a logistically prohibitive feat. Self-powered IoT devices seems to be the right direction to stand up to that challenge. The main objective of this thesis is to develop solutions to achieve energy-efficient wireless-connectivity and wireless-charging for IoT applications. In the first part of the thesis, I introduce ultra-low power radios that are compatible with the Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) standard. BLE is considered as the preeminent protocol for short-range communications that support transmission ranges up to 10’s of meters. Number of low power BLE transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) architectures have been designed, fabricated and tested in different planar CMOS and FinFET technologies. The low power operation is achieved by combining low power techniques in both the network and physical layers, namely: backchannel communication, duty-cycling, open-loop transmission/reception, PLL-less architectures, and mixer-first architectures. Further novel techniques have been proposed to further reduce the power the consumption of the radio design, including: a fast startup time and low startup energy crystal oscillators, an antenna-chip co-design approach for quadrature generation in the RF path, an ultra-low power discrete-time differentiator-based Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) demodulation scheme, an oversampling GFSK modulation/demodulation scheme for open loop transmission/reception and packet synchronization, and a cell-based design approach that allows automation in the design of BLE digital architectures. The implemented BLE TXs transmit fully-compliant BLE advertising packet that can be received by commercial smartphone. In the second part of the thesis, I introduce passive nonlinear resonant circuits to achieve wide-band RF energy harvesting and robust wireless power transfer circuits. Nonlinear resonant circuits modeled by the Duffing nonlinear differential equation exhibit interesting hysteresis characteristics in their frequency and amplitude responses that are exploited in designing self-adaptive wireless charging systems. In the magnetic-resonance wireless power transfer scenario, coupled nonlinear resonators are proposed to maintain the power transfer level and efficiency over a range of coupling factors without active feedback control circuitry. Coupling factor depends on the transmission distance, lateral, and angular misalignments between the charging pad and the device. Therefore, nonlinear resonance extends the efficient charging zones of a wireless charger without the requirement for a precise alignment.PHDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/169842/1/omaratty_1.pd
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