The Mapping Of Action Verbs In The Teaching Of English For Food Production

This study is focused on the procedure of verbs' translation in English (source language) into Indonesian language (target language), and how the mapping of action verb meanings in the procedural text. The research uses qualitative method, employing a cooking book recipe “Step by Step Cooking Balinese Delightful for Everyday” as its data source and its Indonesian translation. The theory used in this research is the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000) about translation procedures that include borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The theory of applying the natural semantic metalanguage approach (NSM) proposed by Wierzbicka (1996) is used to discuss the mapping of English action verbs. The theory is applied in order to explain how the Indonesian action verb meanings are mapped into English, with the exponential mapping technique. The description of the mapping meanings including the exponential mapping to the action verb of the Indonesian language has produced a new dimension. This new dimension turns out to be able to explore the meaning of the lexical item including the one that has even a subtle difference, therefore there is no more swirling of meaning. Keywords: translation procedure, action verb, mapping of meanin

Bodies and their parts: An NSM approach to semantic typology

This paper puts forward, on the basis of evidence and analysis, seven general principles of conceptualization of the body, reflected in the semantic organization of the 'body and body-parts' field across languages. It supplies a large set of semantic explications of English body-part terms, and it shows how ethno-anatomies can be described and compared through the use of the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). It also returns to the controversial issue of the body-centric character of language and cognition. The paper is, to some extent, a reaction to the Special Issue on "Parts of the body: cross-linguistic categorization" (Language Sciences 28:2-3). One of its goals is to vindicate well-established semantic universals such as body and part, which the Special Issue questions on the basis of raw data, discussed (as is it is argued) in a theoretical vacuum. More generally, the paper argues that semantic typology requires a semantic methodology and it shows what a theoretically-anchored semantic typology can look like

Logical types and linguistic types

this paper is to outline an intermediate language for machine translation which is based on combinatory logic. Section 1 sketches the background assumptions of type theory. Section 2 discusses some of the problems with the traditional (typed) approach in Montague Grammar, and Section 3 outlines some general problems with type theory. In Section 4 a type-free intermediate language is dened and exemplied: its interpretation is discussed in the last section

Do Goedel's incompleteness theorems set absolute limits on the ability of the brain to express and communicate mental concepts verifiably?

Classical interpretations of Goedel's formal reasoning imply that the truth of some arithmetical propositions of any formal mathematical language, under any interpretation, is essentially unverifiable. However, a language of general, scientific, discourse cannot allow its mathematical propositions to be interpreted ambiguously. Such a language must, therefore, define mathematical truth verifiably. We consider a constructive interpretation of classical, Tarskian, truth, and of Goedel's reasoning, under which any formal system of Peano Arithmetic is verifiably complete. We show how some paradoxical concepts of Quantum mechanics can be expressed, and interpreted, naturally under a constructive definition of mathematical truth.Comment: 73 pages; this is an updated version of the NQ essay; an HTML version is available at http://alixcomsi.com/Do_Goedel_incompleteness_theorems.ht

The Natural Semantic Metalanguage of Old English Compound Adpositions

Este artículo se centra en el estudio del contenido léxico de una serie de adposiciones complejas en inglés antiguo y los procesos semánticos que las han originado. Concretamente, he analizado las adposiciones complejas que presentan 'in', 'on' y 'at' como elementos controladores. El marco teórico utilizado es el Metalenguaje Semántico Natural. Los primitivos semánticos propuestos dentro de este modelo se usan aquí para tratar cuatro aspectos fundamentales: 1) Los significados de los elementos componentes que la adposición compleja hereda, así como los significados que son restringidos; 2) Los significados que no estaban presentes en ninguno de los componentes pero que surgen en el proceso; 3) Las potenciales incompatibilidades semánticas que impiden la combinación de algunas adposiciones y 4) La organización sintáctica interna que estas adposiciones complejas presentan. En un plano más general, este artículo también tiene en cuenta la evolución diacrónica de las adposiciones complejas analizadas. Específicamente, intento desvelar los factores semánticos que han conducido a la desaparición de algunas de estas adposiciones.Desde un punto de vista general, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es demostrar que la explicación de las propiedades combinatorias de los primitivos espaciales puede servir para aclarar aspectos de la gramática espacial que no han recibido atención dentro marcos tan orientados al estudio de este tipo de lenguaje como la Lingüística Cognitiva.This paper examines the lexical content of a number of complex adpositions in Old English and the semantic processes that have produced them. Specifically, I have analyzed the complex adpositions that have in, on and al as controlling elements. The theoretical framework used is the Natural Semantic Metalanguage. The semantic primes put forward within this model are used to approach four fundamental aspects: 1) The senses of the component elements that are inherited by the complex adposition and the senses that are blocked; 2) The new senses which were not present in the component elements but arise in the process; 3) The potential semantic incompatibilities that prevent the combination of some adpositions and 4) The internal syntactic organization found in these complex adpositions.This paper is also concerned with the more general issue of the diachronic evolution of the complex adpositions under analysis. I attempt to unveil the semantic factors that have led to the disappearance of some of these adpositions while others have survived to present-day English.On the whole, the main goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the explanation of the combinatorial properties of spatial primes can serve to shed light upon aspects of the grammar of space that have not been clarified yet by the Cognitive Linguistics framework