Electronic institutions with normative environments for agent-based E-contracting

Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Informática. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

Toward Shared Understanding : An Argumentation Based Approach for Communication in Open Multi-Agent Systems

Open distributed computing applications are becoming increasingly commonplace nowadays. In many cases, these applications are composed of multiple autonomous agents, each with its own aims and objectives. In such complex systems, communication between these agents is usually essential for them to perform their task, to coordinate their actions and share their knowledge. However, successful and meaningful communication can only be achieved by a shared understanding of each other's messages. Therefore efficient mechanisms are needed to reach a mutual understanding when exchanging expressions from each other's world model and background knowledge. We believe the de facto mechanisms for achieving this are ontologies, and this is the area explored in this thesis [88]. However, supporting shared understanding mechanisms for open distributed applications is a major research challenge. Specifically, one consequence of a system being open is the heterogeneity of the agents. Agents may have conflicting goals, or may be heterogeneous with respect to their beliefs or their knowledge. Forcing all agents to use a common vocabulary defined in one or more shared ontologies is, thus, an oversimplified solution, particularly when these agents are designed and deployed independently of each other. This thesis proposes a novel approach to overcome vocabulary heterogeneity, where the agents dynamically negotiate the meaning of the terms they use to communicate. While many proposals for aligning two agent ontologies have been presented in the literature as the current standard approaches to resolve heterogeneity, they are lacking when dealing with important features of agents and their environment. Motivated by the hypothesis that ontology alignment approaches should reflect the characteristics of autonomy and rationality that are typical of agents, and should also be tailored to the requirements of an open environment, such as dynamism, we propose a way for agents to define and agree upon the semantics of the terms used at run-time, according to their interests and preferences. Since agents are autonomous and represent different stakeholders, the process by which they come to an agreement will necessarily only come through negotiation. By using argumentation theory, agents generate and exchange different arguments, that support or reject possible mappings between vocabularies, according to their own preferences. Thus, this work provides a concrete instantiation of the meaning negotiation process that we would like agents to achieve, and that may lead to shared understanding. Moreover, in contrast to current ontology alignment approaches, the choice of a mapping is based on two clearly identified elements: (i) the argumentation framework, which is common to all agents, and (ii) the preference relations, which are private to each agent. Despite the large body of work in the area of semantic interoperabiJity, we are not aware of any research in this area that has directly addressed these important requirements for open Multi-Agent Systems as we have done in this thesis. Supplied by The British Library - 'The world's knowledge

Combining SOA and BPM Technologies for Cross-System Process Automation

This paper summarizes the results of an industry case study that introduced a cross-system business process automation solution based on a combination of SOA and BPM standard technologies (i.e., BPMN, BPEL, WSDL). Besides discussing major weaknesses of the existing, custom-built, solution and comparing them against experiences with the developed prototype, the paper presents a course of action for transforming the current solution into the proposed solution. This includes a general approach, consisting of four distinct steps, as well as specific action items that are to be performed for every step. The discussion also covers language and tool support and challenges arising from the transformation