A Survey on Coordinated Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) is regarded as one of the most effective ways to reduce oil and gas use. EVs (electric vehicles) have many advantages over ICEVs (internal combustion engine vehicles), including zero pollution, little noise, and exceptional energy efficiency. Even though an EV is known to have a three times higher fuel efficiency than an ICEV, the driving range is often significantly lower because batteries have a lower energy density than gasoline or diesel. Over the next few decades, it is anticipated that the number of electric vehicles will increase significantly due to concerns about pollution and technological advancements in the sector. Utilizing a variety of energy sources will boost energy security while reducing emissions and fuel usage. A paradigm shift has been observed with the switch from internal combustion to electric car technology. For electric vehicles to become widely used, a charging infrastructure must be developed. However, there is a cap on the amount of electricity that can be used to charge the vehicles in a charging station. Rearranging charging times, specifically charging coordination can help optimize the distribution of the available power among the vehicles. In this paper, a review of the various coordinated charging methods has been presented. A detailed comparison of the methods has been done

Open-Source, Open-Architecture SoftwarePlatform for Plug-InElectric Vehicle SmartCharging in California

This interdisciplinary eXtensible Building Operating System–Vehicles project focuses on controlling plug-in electric vehicle charging at residential and small commercial settings using a novel and flexible open-source, open-architecture charge communication and control platform. The platform provides smart charging functionalities and benefits to the utility, homes, and businesses.This project investigates four important areas of vehicle-grid integration research, integrating technical as well as social and behavioral dimensions: smart charging user needs assessment, advanced load control platform development and testing, smart charging impacts, benefits to the power grid, and smart charging ratepayer benefits

Modeling and coordinated control for integrating electric vehicles into the power grid

This paper introduces a framework for the integration of renewable energy generation units and electric vehicle into smart grid, which takes into account the setting up of the PHEV recharging infrastructure and modern power system. The impact of recharging a large amount of PHEVs on the existing power system is estimated considering the PHEV characteristics and the driving pattern of the vehicle owners. Three scenarios for uncontrolled and controlled charging are derived to investigate the impact in terms of power quality. The simulation results show the necessity to coordinate the PHEV recharging with the power network condition. Therefore an optimal algorithm is also designed to minimize the power losses based on the hierarchical structure of the proposed framework. The aggregation of PHEVs is expected to act as a controllable load or resource. Both of the battery charging and discharging are comprised in the optimal algorithm to achieve better performance in the V2G operation. © 2011 IEEE.published_or_final_versionThe 2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2011), Beijing, China, 20-23 August 2011. In Proceedings of ICEMS, 2011, p. 1-

A Novel Online Scheduling Algorithm for Hierarchical Vehicle-to-Grid System

SAC-SGC.1: Smart Grid Energy Managementpostprin

Multi-time scale control of demand flexibility in smart distribution networks

This paper presents a multi-timescale control strategy to deploy electric vehicle (EV) demand flexibility for simultaneously providing power balancing, grid congestion management, and economic benefits to participating actors. First, an EV charging problem is investigated from consumer, aggregator, and distribution system operator’s perspectives. A hierarchical control architecture (HCA) comprising scheduling, coordinative, and adaptive layers is then designed to realize their coordinative goal. This is realized by integrating multi-time scale controls that work from a day-ahead scheduling up to real-time adaptive control. The performance of the developed method is investigated with high EV penetration in a typical residential distribution grid. The simulation results demonstrate that HCA efficiently utilizes demand flexibility stemming from EVs to solve grid unbalancing and congestions with simultaneous maximization of economic benefits to the participating actors. This is ensured by enabling EV participation in day-ahead, balancing, and regulation markets. For the given network configuration and pricing structure, HCA ensures the EV owners to get paid up to five times the cost they were paying without control

Integration of Massive Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles into Power Distribution Systems: Modeling, Optimization, and Impact Analysis

With the development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, it is highly promising to use plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) as a new form of distributed energy resources. However, the uncertainties in the power market and the conflicts among different stakeholders make the integration of PHEVs a highly challenging task. Moreover, the integration of PHEVs may lead to negative effects on the power grid performance if the PHEV fleets are not properly managed. This dissertation studies various aspects of the integration of PHEVs into power distribution systems, including the PHEV load demand modeling, smart charging algorithms, frequency regulation, reliability-differentiated service, charging navigation, and adequacy assessment of power distribution systems. This dissertation presents a comprehensive methodology for modeling the load demand of PHEVs. Based on this stochastic model of PHEV, a two-layer evolution strategy particle swarm optimization (ESPSO) algorithm is proposed to integrate PHEVs into a residential distribution grid. This dissertation also develops an innovative load frequency control system, and proposes a hierarchical game framework for PHEVs to optimize their charging process and participate in frequency regulation simultaneously. The potential of using PHEVs to enable reliability-differentiated service in residential distribution grids has been investigated in this dissertation. Further, an integrated electric vehicle (EV) charging navigation framework has been proposed in this dissertation which takes into consideration the impacts from both the power system and transportation system. Finally, this dissertation proposes a comprehensive framework for adequacy evaluation of power distribution networks with PHEVs penetration. This dissertation provides innovative, viable business models for enabling the integration of massive PHEVs into the power grid. It helps evolve the current power grid into a more reliable and efficient system