240 research outputs found
Parametric effects on the evaluation of threshold chromaticity differences using red printed samples
This paper was published in JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.000510. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.[EN] Results from different authors showed deviations of radial orientation in the a*-b* plane (tilt) for the major axes of chromaticity-discrimination ellipses centered around the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) red color center [Color Res. Appl. 3, 149 (1978)], which are not considered by most of the current advanced color-difference formulas (e.g., CIEDE2000). We performed a visual experiment using red printed samples in order to test the influence of the separation between samples (gap) on the mentioned tilt. Our results confirm a counterclockwise tilt of fitted a*-b* ellipses with a magnitude of approximately 36 degrees for samples with no separation, which is similar to that detected by other authors, and a reduction of the mentioned tilt owing to the separation of the samples. We detected a tilt of approximately 22 degrees for samples with a black gap of 0.5 mm and a tilt of approximately 25 degrees for samples with a white gap of 3 mm. Notably, the uncertainty of previous values given by the corresponding credibility intervals of 95% posterior probability is approximately +/- 8 degrees of the mean values. Finally, we study the performance of the most widely used color-difference formulas in the graphic arts sector using our current experimental results, and conclude that the performance of the CAM02-SCD and CAM02-UCS color-difference formulas is significantly better than that of the CIEDE2000 formula.Brusola Simón, F.; Tortajada Montañana, I.; Jorda-Albiñana, B.; Melgosa, M. (2019). Parametric effects on the evaluation of threshold chromaticity differences using red printed samples. Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 36(4):510-517. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.000510S510517364Melgosa, M. (2007). Request for existing experimental datasets on color differences. Color Research & Application, 32(2), 159-159. doi:10.1002/col.20300Luo, M. R., Cui, G., & Rigg, B. (2001). The development of the CIE 2000 colour-difference formula: CIEDE2000. Color Research & Application, 26(5), 340-350. doi:10.1002/col.1049Luo, M. R., & Rigg, B. (1986). Chromaticity-discrimination ellipses for surface colours. Color Research & Application, 11(1), 25-42. doi:10.1002/col.5080110107Alman, D. H., Berns, R. S., Snyder, G. D., & Larsen, W. A. (1989). Performance testing of color-difference metrics using a color tolerance dataset. Color Research & Application, 14(3), 139-151. doi:10.1002/col.5080140308Berns, R. S., Alman, D. H., Reniff, L., Snyder, G. D., & Balonon-Rosen, M. R. (1991). Visual determination of suprathreshold color-difference tolerances using probit analysis. Color Research & Application, 16(5), 297-316. doi:10.1002/col.5080160505Witt, K. (1999). Geometric relations between scales of small colour differences. Color Research & Application, 24(2), 78-92. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199904)24:23.0.co;2-mMelgosa, M., Hita, E., Poza, A. J., Alman, D. H., & Berns, R. S. (1997). Suprathreshold color-difference ellipsoids for surface colors. Color Research & Application, 22(3), 148-155. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199706)22:33.0.co;2-rIndow, T., Robertson, A. R., Von Grunau, M., & Fielder, G. H. (1992). Discrimination ellipsoids of aperture and simulated surface colors by Matching and paired comparison. Color Research & Application, 17(1), 6-23. doi:10.1002/col.5080170106Xu, H., & Yaguchi, H. (2005). Visual evaluation at scale of threshold to suprathreshold color difference. Color Research & Application, 30(3), 198-208. doi:10.1002/col.20106Huang, M., Liu, H., Cui, G., Luo, M. R., & Melgosa, M. (2012). Evaluation of threshold color differences using printed samples. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 29(6), 883. doi:10.1364/josaa.29.000883Wen, S. (2012). A color difference metric based on the chromaticity discrimination ellipses. Optics Express, 20(24), 26441. doi:10.1364/oe.20.026441Huang, M., Liu, H., Cui, G., & Luo, M. R. (2011). Testing uniform colour spaces and colour-difference formulae using printed samples. Color Research & Application, 37(5), 326-335. doi:10.1002/col.20689Rich, R. M., Billmeyer, F. W., & Howe, W. G. (1975). Method for deriving color-difference-perceptibility ellipses for surface-color samples. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 65(8), 956. doi:10.1364/josa.65.000956MacAdam, D. L. (1942). Visual Sensitivities to Color Differences in Daylight*. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 32(5), 247. doi:10.1364/josa.32.000247Witt, K. (1995). Cie guidelines for coordinated future work on industrial colour-difference evaluation. Color Research & Application, 20(6), 399-403. doi:10.1002/col.5080200609GarcÃa, P. A., Huertas, R., Melgosa, M., & Cui, G. (2007). Measurement of the relationship between perceived and computed color differences. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 24(7), 1823. doi:10.1364/josaa.24.001823Guan, S.-S., & Luo, M. R. (1999). Investigation of parametric effects using small colour differences. Color Research & Application, 24(5), 331-343. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199910)24:53.0.co;2-9Montag, E. D., & Wilber, D. C. (2002). A comparison of constant stimuli and gray-scale methods of color difference scaling. Color Research & Application, 28(1), 36-44. doi:10.1002/col.10112Strocka, D., Brockes, A., & Paffhausen, W. (1983). Influence of experimental parameters on the evaluation of color-difference ellipsoids. Color Research & Application, 8(3), 169-175. doi:10.1002/col.5080080308Witt, K. (1990). Parametric effects on surface color-difference evaluation at threshold. Color Research & Application, 15(4), 189-199. doi:10.1002/col.5080150404Xin, J. H., Lam, C. C., & Luo, M. R. (2001). Investigation of parametric effects using medium colour-difference pairs. Color Research & Application, 26(5), 376-383. doi:10.1002/col.1053Cui, G., Luo, M. R., Rigg, B., & Li, W. (2001). Colour-difference evaluation using CRT colours. Part II: Parametric effects. Color Research & Application, 26(5), 403-412. doi:10.1002/col.1056Berns, R. S. (1996). Deriving instrumental tolerances from pass-fail and colorimetric data. Color Research & Application, 21(6), 459-472. doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6378(199612)21:63.0.co;2-vBrusola, F., Tortajada, I., Lengua, I., Jordá, B., & Peris, G. (2015). Bayesian approach to color-difference models based on threshold and constant-stimuli methods. Optics Express, 23(12), 15290. doi:10.1364/oe.23.015290Saeedi, H., & Gorji Kandi, S. (2018). How anisotropy of CIELAB color space affects the separation effect: an experimental study. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 36(1), 51. doi:10.1364/josaa.36.000051Yebra, A., Huertas, R., Pérez, M. M., & Melgosa, M. (2002). On the relationship between tilt ofa*b* tolerance ellipses in blue region and tritanopic confusion lines. Color Research & Application, 27(3), 180-184. doi:10.1002/col.1005
Optimizing Color-Difference Formulas for 3D-Printed Objects
Based on previous visual assessments of 440 color pairs of 3D-printed samples, we tested
the performance of eight color-difference formulas (CIELAB, CIEDE2000, CAM02-LCD, CAM02-SCD,
CAM02-UCS, CAM16-LCD, CAM16-SCD, and CAM16-UCS) using the standardized residual sum
of squares (STRESS) index. For the whole set of 440 color pairs, the introduction of kL (lightness
parametric factor), b (exponent in total color difference), and kL + b produced an average STRESS
decrease of 2.6%, 26.9%, and 29.6%, respectively. In most cases, the CIELAB formula was significantly
worse statistically than the remaining seven formulas, for which no statistically significant differences
were found. Therefore, based on visual results using 3D-object colors with the specific shape,
size, gloss, and magnitude of color differences considered here, we concluded that the CIEDE2000,
CAM02-, and CAM16-based formulas were equivalent and thus cannot recommend only one of
them. Disregarding CIELAB, the average STRESS decreases in the kL + b-optimized formulas from
changes in each one of the four analyzed parametric factors were not statistically significant and
had the following values: 6.2 units changing from color pairs with less to more than 5.0 CIELAB
units; 2.9 units changing the shape of the samples (lowest STRESS values for cylinders); 0.7 units
changing from nearly-matte to high-gloss samples; and 0.5 units changing from 4 cm to 2 cm samples.Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication BIGC Ec202003
BIGC Ec202102
BIGC Ec202302Ministry of Science and Innovation of the National Government of Spain PID2019-107816GB-I00/SR
Optimizing Parametric Factors in CIELAB and CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formulas for 3D-Printed Spherical Objects
The current color-difference formulas were developed based on 2D samples and there is
no standard guidance for the color-difference evaluation of 3D objects. The aim of this study was
to test and optimize the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color-difference formulas by using 42 pairs of
3D-printed spherical samples in Experiment I and 40 sample pairs in Experiment II. Fifteen human
observers with normal color vision were invited to attend the visual experiments under simulated
D65 illumination and assess the color differences of the 82 pairs of 3D spherical samples using the
gray-scale method. The performances of the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 formulas were quantified
by the STRESS index and F-test with respect to the collected visual results and three different
optimization methods were performed on the original color-difference formulas by using the data
from the 42 sample pairs in Experiment I. It was found that the optimum parametric factors for
CIELAB were kL = 1.4 and kC = 1.9, whereas for CIEDE2000, kL = 1.5. The visual data of the 40 sample
pairs in Experiment II were used to test the performance of the optimized formulas and the STRESS
values obtained for CIELAB/CIEDE2000 were 32.8/32.9 for the original formulas and 25.3/25.4 for
the optimized formulas. The F-test results indicated that a significant improvement was achieved
using the proposed optimization of the parametric factors applied to both color-difference formulas
for 3D-printed spherical samples.ApPEARS (Appearance Printing European Advanced Research School)
European Commission 814158Spanish GovernmentEuropean Commission PID2019-107816GB-I00/SRA/10.13039/50110001103
Colorimetric tolerances of various digital image displays
Visual experiments on four displays (two LCD, one CRT and hardcopy) were conducted to determine colorimetric tolerances of images systematically altered via three different transfer curves. The curves used were: Sigmoidal compression in L*, linear reduction in C*, and additive rotations in hab. More than 30 observers judged the detectability of these alterations on three pictorial images for each display. Standard probit analysis was then used to determine the detection thresholds for the alterations. It was found that the detection thresholds on LCD\u27s were similar or lower than for the CRT\u27s in this type of experiment. Summarizing pixel-by-pixel image differences using the 90th percentile color difference in E*ab was shown to be more consistent than similar measures in E94 and a prototype E2000. It was also shown that using the 90th percentile difference was more consistent than the average pixel wise difference. Furthermore, SCIELAB pre-filtering was shown to have little to no effect on the results of this experiment since only global color-changes were applied and no spatial alterations were used
Analytical methods fort he study of color in digital images
La descripció qualitativa dels colors que composen una imatge digital és una tasca molt senzilla pel sistema visual humà . Per un ordinador aquesta tasca involucra una gran quantitat de qüestions i de dades que la converteixen en una operació de gran complexitat. En aquesta tesi desenvolupam un mètode automà tic per a la construcció d’una paleta de colors d’una imatge digital, intentant respondre a les diferents qüestions que se’ns plantegen quan treballam amb colors a dins el món computacional. El desenvolupament d’aquest mètode suposa l’obtenció d’un algorisme automà tic de segmentació d’histogrames, el qual és construït en detall a la tesi i diferents aplicacions del mateix son donades. Finalment, també s’explica el funcionament de CProcess, un ‘software’ amigable desenvolupat per a la fà cil comprensió del color
Evaluation of color differences in natural scene color images
Since there is a wide range of applications requiring image color difference (CD) assessment (e.g. color quantization, color mapping), a number of CD measures for images have been proposed. However, the performance evaluation of such measures often suffers from the following major flaws: (1) test images contain primarily spatial- (e.g. blur) rather than color-specific distortions (e.g. quantization noise), (2) there are too few test images (lack of variability in color content), and (3) test images are not publicly available (difficult to reproduce and compare). Accordingly, the performance of CD measures reported in the state-of-the-art is ambiguous and therefore inconclusive to be used for any specific color-related application.
In this work, we review a total of twenty four state-of-the-art CD measures. Then, based on the findings of our review, we propose a novel method to compute CDs in natural scene color images. We have tested our measure as well as the state-of-the-art measures on three color related distortions from a publicly available database (mean shift, change in color saturation and quantization noise). Our experimental results show that the correlation between the subjective scores and the proposed measure exceeds 85% which is better than the other twenty four CD measures tested in this work (for illustration the best performing state-of-the-art CD measures achieve correlations with humans lower than 80%)
Optimizing Parametric Factors in CIELAB and CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formulas for 3D-Printed Spherical Objects
The current color-difference formulas were developed based on 2D samples and there is no standard guidance for the color-difference evaluation of 3D objects. The aim of this study was to test and optimize the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color-difference formulas by using 42 pairs of 3D-printed spherical samples in Experiment I and 40 sample pairs in Experiment II. Fifteen human observers with normal color vision were invited to attend the visual experiments under simulated D65 illumination and assess the color differences of the 82 pairs of 3D spherical samples using the gray-scale method. The performances of the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 formulas were quantified by the STRESS index and F-test with respect to the collected visual results and three different optimization methods were performed on the original color-difference formulas by using the data from the 42 sample pairs in Experiment I. It was found that the optimum parametric factors for CIELAB were kL = 1.4 and kC = 1.9, whereas for CIEDE2000, kL = 1.5. The visual data of the 40 sample pairs in Experiment II were used to test the performance of the optimized formulas and the STRESS values obtained for CIELAB/CIEDE2000 were 32.8/32.9 for the original formulas and 25.3/25.4 for the optimized formulas. The F-test results indicated that a significant improvement was achieved using the proposed optimization of the parametric factors applied to both color-difference formulas for 3D-printed spherical samples
Optimizing Color-Difference Formulas for 3D-Printed Objects
Based on previous visual assessments of 440 color pairs of 3D-printed samples, we tested the performance of eight color-difference formulas (CIELAB, CIEDE2000, CAM02-LCD, CAM02-SCD, CAM02-UCS, CAM16-LCD, CAM16-SCD, and CAM16-UCS) using the standardized residual sum of squares (STRESS) index. For the whole set of 440 color pairs, the introduction of kL (lightness parametric factor), b (exponent in total color difference), and kL + b produced an average STRESS decrease of 2.6%, 26.9%, and 29.6%, respectively. In most cases, the CIELAB formula was significantly worse statistically than the remaining seven formulas, for which no statistically significant differences were found. Therefore, based on visual results using 3D-object colors with the specific shape, size, gloss, and magnitude of color differences considered here, we concluded that the CIEDE2000, CAM02-, and CAM16-based formulas were equivalent and thus cannot recommend only one of them. Disregarding CIELAB, the average STRESS decreases in the kL + b-optimized formulas from changes in each one of the four analyzed parametric factors were not statistically significant and had the following values: 6.2 units changing from color pairs with less to more than 5.0 CIELAB units; 2.9 units changing the shape of the samples (lowest STRESS values for cylinders); 0.7 units changing from nearly-matte to high-gloss samples; and 0.5 units changing from 4 cm to 2 cm samples
On-Site VIS-NIR Spectral Reflectance and Colour Measurements - A Fast and Inexpensive Alternative for Delineating Sediment Layers Quantitatively? A Case Study from a Monumental Bronze Age Burial Mound (Seddin, Germany)
Quantitative sediment analyses performed in the laboratory are often used throughout archaeological excavations to critically reflect on-site stratigraphic delineation. Established methods are, however, often time-consuming and expensive. Recent studies suggest that systematic image analysis can objectivise the delineation of stratigraphic layers based on fast quantitative spectral measurements. The presented study examines how these assumptions prevail when compared to modern techniques of sediment analysis. We examine an archaeological cross-section at a Bronze Age burial mound near Seddin (administrative district Prignitz, Brandenburg, Germany), consisting of several layers of construction-related material. Using detailed on-site descriptions supported by quantitatively measured sediment properties as a measure of quality, we compare clustering results of (i) extensive colour measurements conducted with an RGB and a multispectral camera during fieldwork, as well as (ii) selectively sampled sedimentological data and (iii) visible and near infrared (VIS-NIR) hyperspectral data, both acquired in the laboratory. Furthermore, the influence of colour transformation to the CIELAB colour space (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) and the possibilities of predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) based on image data are examined. Our results indicate that quantitative spectral measurements, while still experimental, can be used to delineate stratigraphic layers in a similar manner to traditional sedimentological data. The proposed processing steps further improved our results. Quantitative colour measurements should therefore be included in the current workflow of archaeological excavations
Color de aceites de oliva virgen extra enriquecidos con carotenoides procedentes de microalgas: influencia de la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta y al calentamiento
A carotenoid-rich extract containing 2.5 mg/mL of lutein and 3.3 mg/mL of β-carotene from the microalga Scenedesmus
almeriensis was added to ten extra virgin olive oils from four Spanish cultivars with differing degrees of ripeness, obtaining carotenoid
enriched oils with lutein and β-carotene concentrations of 0.082 and 0.11 mg/mL, respectively. Extra virgin olive oils enriched with carotenoids
from microalgae were studied by analyzing the effect on color of three different treatments: ultraviolet exposure, microwave
heating and immersion bath heating. The methodology was designed to simulate, in controlled laboratory conditions, the effects of household
treatments. Spectrophotometric color measurements were then performed to monitor color changes in the enriched and non-enriched
extra virgin olive oil samples. Enriched oils are much more chromatic, darker and redder than natural oils. After 55 days UV irradiation,
40 min microwave heating, and 72 hours thermostatic heating, the average color differences for natural/enriched extra virgin olive oils
were 98/117, 15/9 and 57/28 CIELAB units, respectively. In general, increasing temperature and ultraviolet exposure produced higher
CIELAB color differences in the non-enriched samples. The addition of microalga extracts to extra virgin olive oils was found to induce
some color stability and may constitute a future way of increasing the daily intake of beneficial bioactive compounds such as carotenoids.Añadimos un extracto rico en carotenoides, que contiene 2,5 mg/mL de luteÃna y
3,3 mg/mL de β-caroteno, procedente de la microalga Scenedesmus almeriensis, a diez aceites de oliva virgen extra de cuatro variedades
con diferentes grados de maduración, obteniéndose aceites enriquecidos en carotenoides con concentraciones de luteÃna y β-caroteno
de 0,082 y 0,11 mg/mL respectivamente. Se han estudiado aceites de oliva virgen extra enriquecidos con carotenoides procedentes de
microalgas, estudiando el efecto producido sobre el color de los mismos como consecuencia de irradiación ultravioleta, calentamiento
en microondas y en baño termostático, reproduciendo en el laboratorio los efectos de los tratamientos domésticos. Se ha determinado el
color para monitorizar los cambios de las muestras control y enriquecidas de los diferentes aceites. Los aceites enriquecidos son mucho
más cromáticos, oscuros y rojizos que los naturales. Tras 55 dÃas de irradiación UV, 40 minutos de calentamiento por microondas y 72
horas de calentamiento termostático, las diferencias medias de color para los aceites de oliva virgen extra naturales/enriquecidos fueron
de 98/117, 15/9 y 57/28 unidades CIELAB, respectivamente. En término generales, el incremento en la temperatura y la exposición a la
radiación ultravioleta produce diferencias de color más grandes en las muestras no enriquecidas. El enriquecimiento de los aceites virgen
extra con extractos procedentes de microalgas, induce estabilidad en el color y puede constituir una vÃa para incrementar la ingesta diaria
de compuestos bioactivos beneficiosos como son los carotenoides.University of JaenCastillo de Canena Olive Juice companyMinistry of Science and Innovation of the National Government of Spain PID2019107816GB-I00 / AEI / 10.13039/50110001103
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