Synergies between machine learning and reasoning - An introduction by the Kay R. Amel group

This paper proposes a tentative and original survey of meeting points between Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KRR) and Machine Learning (ML), two areas which have been developed quite separately in the last four decades. First, some common concerns are identified and discussed such as the types of representation used, the roles of knowledge and data, the lack or the excess of information, or the need for explanations and causal understanding. Then, the survey is organised in seven sections covering most of the territory where KRR and ML meet. We start with a section dealing with prototypical approaches from the literature on learning and reasoning: Inductive Logic Programming, Statistical Relational Learning, and Neurosymbolic AI, where ideas from rule-based reasoning are combined with ML. Then we focus on the use of various forms of background knowledge in learning, ranging from additional regularisation terms in loss functions, to the problem of aligning symbolic and vector space representations, or the use of knowledge graphs for learning. Then, the next section describes how KRR notions may benefit to learning tasks. For instance, constraints can be used as in declarative data mining for influencing the learned patterns; or semantic features are exploited in low-shot learning to compensate for the lack of data; or yet we can take advantage of analogies for learning purposes. Conversely, another section investigates how ML methods may serve KRR goals. For instance, one may learn special kinds of rules such as default rules, fuzzy rules or threshold rules, or special types of information such as constraints, or preferences. The section also covers formal concept analysis and rough sets-based methods. Yet another section reviews various interactions between Automated Reasoning and ML, such as the use of ML methods in SAT solving to make reasoning faster. Then a section deals with works related to model accountability, including explainability and interpretability, fairness and robustness. Finally, a section covers works on handling imperfect or incomplete data, including the problem of learning from uncertain or coarse data, the use of belief functions for regression, a revision-based view of the EM algorithm, the use of possibility theory in statistics, or the learning of imprecise models. This paper thus aims at a better mutual understanding of research in KRR and ML, and how they can cooperate. The paper is completed by an abundant bibliography

Vers une gestion renouvelée du littoral nord-ouest européen : des ingénieurs néerlandais, anglais et françaisde plus en plus « verts » ?

Whether Dutch, English or French, civil engineers have long been a recognized authority on coastal management.Through their relentless search for technical innovations, engineers have been instrumental in both shaping thecoast – in the case of the Netherlands creating it almost entirely – and imposing on it a technical vision. The socialand ecological movement which characterized the 1970’s brought this engineering vision into question. Thischange in outlook would create real turmoil for the profession. This comparative study attempts to explain hownowadays engineers envision the coast they manage and how, in collaboration with other scientists, they nowderive innovative solutions in line with an integrated coastal management. It appears that the classical opposition,between a vision long imputed to engineers of a static and linear coast and one attributed to other scientists whoview the coast as something larger and more systemic, has become blurred. Cultural differences between the threecountries are more relevant to explain the differences observed. Into the bargain engineers seem to have overtakenthe « green » movement of the last decades to seize new opportunities, professional ones as well as territorial.Qu’ils soient néerlandais, anglais ou français, les ingénieurs du génie civil ont toujours fait autorité en matièred’aménagement du littoral. À travers la recherche constante d’innovations techniques, ils ont contribué à modelerle littoral - voire à le créer de toute pièce aux Pays-Bas - et imposé une vision techniciste de ce territoire entre terreet mer. Le tournant écologique et social qui a caractérisé les années 1970 a remis en question cette vision imposéepar les ingénieurs, créant un véritable bouleversement pour la profession. Cette étude comparée tente d’expliquercomment les ingénieurs se représentent aujourd’hui le littoral qu’ils aménagent, et comment, en concertation avecd’autres scientifiques, ils élaborent désormais des solutions innovantes en adéquation avec une gestion intégrée dulittoral. Il ressort que l’opposition entre vision linéaire et statique du littoral, longtemps imputée aux ingénieurs, etcelle, plus large et systémique, généralement attribuée aux autres scientifiques, s’estompe. Des différencesculturelles entre les trois pays semblent plus pertinentes pour expliquer les avancées observées. Par ailleurs, lesingénieurs semblent être en train de dépasser et de s’approprier le mouvement « vert » des dernières décenniespour saisir de nouvelles opportunités, tant professionnelles que territoriales.Of ze nu Nederlands, Engels of Frans zijn, de waterbouwers zijn autoriteit als het aankomt op het beheren van dekust. Met hun niet aflatende zoektocht naar innovatieve technieken hebben ze een bijdrage geleverd aan hetvormen van de kustlijn – of om het even welke deel van Nederland dan ook – en hebben ze de kustlijn gevormd opeen technocratische wijze. De ecologische en sociale omwenteling, kenmerkend voor de jaren ’70, heeftvraagtekens gezet bij deze, door ingenieurs opgelegde, visie en veroorzaakte een serieuze omwenteling in hetvakgebied. Deze studie probeert uit te leggen hoe de ingenieur vandaag de dag de kust behartigt en hij hoetegenwoordig in overleg met andere wetenschappen nieuwe oplossingen ontwikkelt die in lijn zijn met eenintegraal kustbeheer. Het blijkt dat het onderscheid tussen de rechtlijnige en statische visie over de kust, langtoegeschreven aan ingenieurs, en de bredere en systematische aanpak, over het algemeen toegeschreven aanandere wetenschappers, vervaagt. Culturele verschillen tussen de drie landen lijken een belangrijkere reden te zijnvoor de geconstateerde ontwikkelingen. Daarnaast lijken de ingenieurs zich de "groene" kennis in de afgelopendecennia eigen gemaakt te hebben om nieuwe kansen te grijpen, zowel voor hun vak als voor hun omgeving

Design revolutions: IASDR 2019 Conference Proceedings. Volume 2: Living, Making, Value

In September 2019 Manchester School of Art at Manchester Metropolitan University was honoured to host the bi-annual conference of the International Association of Societies of Design Research (IASDR) under the unifying theme of DESIGN REVOLUTIONS. This was the first time the conference had been held in the UK. Through key research themes across nine conference tracks – Change, Learning, Living, Making, People, Technology, Thinking, Value and Voices – the conference opened up compelling, meaningful and radical dialogue of the role of design in addressing societal and organisational challenges. This Volume 2 includes papers from Living, Making and Value tracks of the conference

SBE16 Brazil & Portugal - Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment

Vol. IThe organizers of SBE 16 Brazil & Portugal were challenged to promote discussions and the development of solutions for an important and, at the same time, very ambitious topic ? Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment. This is the main focus of the international conference SBE16 Brazil & Portugal; the only event of the SBE16/17 conference series being held in Latin America, more precisely, in Vitória (Espírito Santo), Brazil, from the 7th until the 9th of September 2016. The conference offered a unique opportunity to bring together researchers from all over the world to share evidence-based knowledge in the field and succeeded to achieve its goals since many contributions from various parts of the planet were received, addressing a tiny part of the problem or trying to perform the difficult task of making the sum of the parts a coherent whole.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

SBE16 Brazil & Portugal - Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment

Vol. IThe organizers of SBE 16 Brazil & Portugal were challenged to promote discussions and the development of solutions for an important and, at the same time, very ambitious topic ? Sustainable Urban Communities towards a Nearly Zero Impact Built Environment. This is the main focus of the international conference SBE16 Brazil & Portugal; the only event of the SBE16/17 conference series being held in Latin America, more precisely, in Vitória (Espírito Santo), Brazil, from the 7th until the 9th of September 2016. The conference offered a unique opportunity to bring together researchers from all over the world to share evidence-based knowledge in the field and succeeded to achieve its goals since many contributions from various parts of the planet were received, addressing a tiny part of the problem or trying to perform the difficult task of making the sum of the parts a coherent whole.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio