MicroRNA Let-7f Inhibits Tumor Invasion and Metastasis by Targeting MYH9 in Human Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators that play key roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. A previous report has shown that let-7 family members can act as tumor suppressors in many cancers. Through miRNA array, we found that let-7f was downregulated in the highly metastatic potential gastric cancer cell lines GC9811-P and SGC7901-M, when compared with their parental cell lines, GC9811 and SGC7901-NM; however, the mechanism was not clear. In this study, we investigate whether let-7f acts as a tumor suppressor to inhibit invasion and metastasis in gastric cancers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL: Real-time PCR showed decreased levels of let-7f expression in metastatic gastric cancer tissues and cell lines that are potentially highly metastatic. Cell invasion and migration were significantly impaired in GC9811-P and SGC7901-M cell lines after transfection with let-7f-mimics. Nude mice with xenograft models of gastric cancer confirmed that let-7f could inhibit gastric cancer metastasis in vivo after transfection by the lentivirus pGCsil-GFP- let-7f. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that let-7f directly binds to the 3'UTR of MYH9, which codes for myosin IIA, and real-time PCR and Western blotting further indicated that let-7f downregulated the expression of myosin IIA at the mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study demonstrated that overexpression of let-7f in gastric cancer could inhibit invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells through directly targeting the tumor metastasis-associated gene MYH9. These data suggest that let-7f may be a novel therapeutic candidate for gastric cancer, given its ability to reduce cell invasion and metastasis

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) regulates mesenchymal stem cells through let-7f microRNA and Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-independent regulator of growth and apoptosis in various cell types. The receptors and signaling pathways that are involved in the growth factor activities of TIMP-1, however, remain controversial. RNA interference of TIMP-1 has revealed that endogenous TIMP-1 suppresses the proliferation, metabolic activity, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The knockdown of TIMP-1 in hMSCs activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as indicated by the increased stability and nuclear localization of β-catenin in TIMP-1–deficient hMSCs. Moreover, TIMP-1 knockdown cells exhibited enhanced β-catenin transcriptional activity, determined by Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression analysis and a luciferase-based β-catenin– activated reporter assay. An analysis of a mutant form of TIMP-1 that cannot inhibit MMP indicated that the effect of TIMP-1 on β-catenin signaling is MMP independent. Furthermore, the binding of CD63 to TIMP-1 on the surface of hMSCs is essential for the TIMP-1–mediated effects on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. An array analysis of microRNAs (miRNAs) and transfection studies with specific miRNA inhibitors and mimics showed that let-7f miRNA is crucial for the regulation of β-catenin activity and osteogenic differentiation by TIMP-1. Let-7f was up-regulated in TIMP-1–depleted hMSCs and demonstrably reduced axin 2, an antagonist of β-catenin stability. Our results demonstrate that TIMP-1 is a direct regulator of hMSC functions and reveal a regulatory network in which let-7f modulates Wnt/β-catenin activity

The implication of the microRNA Let-7f in the degeneration and dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial cells

L'épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (EPR) est une monocouche formée de cellules hautement spécialisées et uniques dont les nombreuses fonctions servent à maintenir une vision adéquate. En revanche, ces fonctions spécifiques rendent les cellules de l’EPR particulièrement vulnérables au stress oxydant. Avec le vieillissement, les cellules de l’EPR peuvent dégénérer et devenir non-fonctionnelles, donnant lieu à plusieurs maladies telles que la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge (DMLA). Dans les pays occidentaux, la DMLA est la principale cause de cécité et de déficience visuelle chez les personnes âgées. En fait, environ 90 % des patients atteints de la DMLA souffrent de la forme sèche, pour laquelle il n'existe aucun traitement. Des années de recherche ont établi que le stress oxydant est un contributeur majeur à la pathogenèse de la DMLA sèche. De nombreuses études ont montré que le stress oxydant induit les cellules de l’EPR à libérer des vésicules extracellulaires (VEs). Nos propres travaux ont démontré que les VEs peuvent induire le stress oxydant et la sénescence chez les cellules de l’EPR. Comme d'autres, nous avons constaté que les VEs étaient enrichis en microARNs. Grâce au séquençage d’ARN, nous avons identifié le let-7f comme étant l'un des microARNs les plus abondants contenus dans ces vésicules. L'objectif de ce mémoire a été l’exploration entre la relation let-7f et la dégénérescence des cellules de l’EPR. Nos résultats ont démontré une régulation et une augmentation de l’expression du let-7f dans les cellules de l’EPR sous stress oxydant, in vitro et in vivo. De plus, la surexpression du let-7f a généré un stress oxydant, le dysfonctionnement et la sénescence des cellules humaines de l’EPR (ARPE-19). De plus, l’inhibition du let-7f à protéger ces cellules contre les conséquences néfastes induites par l’iodate de sodium. En somme, les résultats de ce travail suggèrent fortement que le let-7f est impliqué dans la dégénérescence des cellules de l’EPR et pourraient aider à la découverte de nouveaux processus pertinents dans la pathogenèse de la DMLA sèche.The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized and unique monolayer of cells whose many functions are vital for maintaining proper vision. In turn, these specific functions render RPE cells particularly vulnerable to oxidative injury. With age, RPE cells can degenerate and become dysfunctional, giving rise to various disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In western countries, AMD is the primary cause of blindness and visual impairments in the elderly. In fact, approximately 90% of all AMD patients suffer from the dry form of the disease, for which there exist no approved treatment. Decades of research have established that chronic oxidative stress is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of dry AMD. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress induces RPE cells to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which participate in cell-to-cell communication. Our recent work has demonstrated that EVs alone were sufficient in inducing oxidative stress and senescence in RPE cells. Consistent with others, we found that EVs released by RPE cells were enriched in microRNAs. RNA-sequencing identified let-7f as one of the most abundant miRNAs contained in these vesicles. Despite being one of the first miRNAs to be discovered, the role of let-7f in RPE cells has remained essentially unexplored. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the relationship between let-7f and RPE cells in regards to their degeneration and dysfunction. Our results revealed that the expression of let-7f increased and was regulated by oxidative stress in RPE cells, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, let-7f overexpression promoted oxidative stress, cellular dysfunction and senescence in human RPE (ARPE-19) cells. Finally, inhibition of let-7f exhibited protective effects against sodium iodate-induced oxidative injury. Overall, the findings in this work provide strong evidence that let-7f is implicated in the degeneration of RPE cells and further mechanistic investigation may help to uncover novel insights into the genesis of dry AMD

Cloning and characterization of the 5' flanking region of microRNA let-7a-1/let-7f-1 gene cluster in human lung cancer cell

In order to elucidate the molecular basis of microRNA let-7a-1/let-7f-1 gene cluster, the transcription initiation site which was determined by 5’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5’RACE) and 2.1 kb of the 5' flanking region proximal to the pre-let-7a-1 was isolated and characterized. The promoter activity of the 2.1 kb fragment was analyzed by a firefly luciferase-encoding gene expression vector (pGL3) transiently transfected into lung cancer cell line A549. The 2.1 kb promoter of let-7a-1/let-7f-1 displayed a lower activity and was significantly enhanced by ectopic expression of c/EBPα or p53 and treatment with dexamethasone. Despite the induction of other let-7 family members such as let-7a-3, let-7c and let-7d, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) display little enhancement effect on 2.1 kb promoter of let-7a-1/let-7f-1, as well as 1,25-(OH)2D3.Key words: let-7a-1; let-7f-1, 5’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5’RACE), promoter, lung cancer

Bacterial Diversity in the Uranium Mill-Tailing Gittersee as Estimated via a 16S rDNA Approach

Bacterial diversity in a soil sample collected from uranium mill-tailings called Gittersee and situated near the city of Dresden, Germany, was analysed by using a culture-independent 16S rDNA approach exploiting PCR ampli�cation primers 7F and 1513R. The results were compared with those obtained earlier analysing the same sample by using another primer pair, namely 43F-1404R [1]. The two 16S rDNA approaches demonstrated that Proteobacteria were the most predominant group in the sample, followed by Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides and by Gram positive bacteria with low and with high G+C content, too. A large number of 16S rDNA sequences from two libraries were identical or almost identical. However, the ratio between the bacterial groups represented in them signifcantly differed. 7F-1513R primer set retrieved in addition to the above mentioned sequences also 16S rRNA genes, those of green non-sulphur bacteria and representatives of AD1 and OP11 divisions. The latter indicates that 7F-1513R primer set seems to be more reliable in analyses of bacterial diversity

Molecular characterization of predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infections in Canada:the SAVE study, 2011-15

Objectives: This study characterized the 11 most predominant serotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections collected by the annual SAVE study in Canada, between 2011 and 2015. Methods: A subset of the 11 most predominant serotypes (7F, 19A, 22F, 3, 12F, 11A, 9N, 8, 33F, 15A and 6C) collected by the SAVE study was analysed using PFGE and MLST, as well as PCR to identify pilus-encoding genes. WGS analyses were performed on a subset of the above isolates plus a random selection of background strains. Results: Of the predominant serotypes analysed, 7F, 33F and 19A were obtained more commonly from children 65 years of age. Pneumococcal pilus PI-1 was identified in antimicrobial-susceptible serotype 15A (61/212) and <10% of 6C isolates (16/188). PI-2 was found in serotype 7F (683/701) and two-thirds of 11A isolates (162/241). Only serotype 19A-ST320 possessed both pili. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses identified serotypes 19A, 15A, 6C, 9N and 33F as highly diverse, whereas 7F, 22F and 11A demonstrated clonality. Antimicrobial resistance determinants were common within diverse serotypes, and usually similar within a clonal complex. Conclusions: Despite successful use of conjugate vaccines, S. pneumoniae remains a highly diverse organism in Canada. Several predominant serotypes, both antimicrobial susceptible and MDR, have demonstrated rapid clonal expansion or an increase in diversity. As S. pneumoniae continues to evolve in Canada, WGS will be a necessary component in the ongoing surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant and expanding clones