Automatizuotų transporto priemonių valdymas: civilinės atsakomybės reglamentavimas Europos Sąjungoje

The aim of this article is to provide with the option of civil liability regulation of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) at the European Union level in the light of introduction of Connected Automated Driving (CAD) on the common market.Šio straipsnio tikslas – pasiūlyti automatizuotų transporto priemonių (ATP) civilinės atsakomybės reglamentavimą Europos Sąjungos dimensijoje atsižvelgiant į sukurtą automatizuotų transporto priemonių valdymą ES vidaus rinkoje

Introducing Safety and Security Co-engineering Related Research Orientations in the Field of Automotive Security

Since modern vehicles are connected and their transport processes are strongly supported by different automated functions, malicious external interventions can impair safety integrity. Therefore, it seems to be reasonable in the future to introduce safety and security co-engineering approaches in the automotive industry. With regard to the performed evaluation, three main promising research orientations have been identified. Automotive safety and security related development of co-engineering methodology and validation framework are of key importance from the viewpoint of autonomous transportation. Accordingly, a scenario based, integrated evaluation of automotive safety and security would be closely fit to the concept of SOTIF and the SoS approach. Beyond this, the communication and network security of "vehicle to everything" channels have to also be in the focus of automotive researches. Additionally, the development of automotive anomaly detection systems, especially focusing on the complex SoS operation processes will be a highly important research orientation

Safe Intelligent Driver Assistance System in V2X Communication Environments based on IoT

In the modern world, power and speed of cars have increased steadily, as traffic continued to increase. At the same time highway-related fatalities and injuries due to road incidents are constantly growing and safety problems come first. Therefore, the development of Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) has become a major issue. Numerous innovations, systems and technologies have been developed in order to improve road transportation and safety. Modern computer vision algorithms enable cars to understand the road environment with low miss rates. A number of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) have been applied in the different cities over the world. Recently, a new global paradigm, known as the Internet of Things (IoT) brings new idea to update the existing solutions. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communication based on IoT technologies would be a next step in intelligent transportation for the future Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV). The overall purpose of this research was to come up with a scalable IoT solution for driver assistance, which allows to combine safety relevant information for a driver from different types of in-vehicle sensors, in-vehicle DAS, vehicle networks and driver`s gadgets. This study brushed up on the evolution and state-of-the-art of Vehicle Systems. Existing ITSs, VANETs and DASs were evaluated in the research. The study proposed a design approach for the future development of transport systems applying IoT paradigm to the transport safety applications in order to enable driver assistance become part of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The research proposed the architecture of the Safe Intelligent DAS (SiDAS) based on IoT V2X communications in order to combine different types of data from different available devices and vehicle systems. The research proposed IoT ARM structure for SiDAS, data flow diagrams, protocols. The study proposes several IoT system structures for the vehicle-pedestrian and vehicle-vehicle collision prediction as case studies for the flexible SiDAS framework architecture. The research has demonstrated the significant increase in driver situation awareness by using IoT SiDAS, especially in NLOS conditions. Moreover, the time analysis, taking into account IoT, Cloud, LTE and DSRS latency, has been provided for different collision scenarios, in order to evaluate the overall system latency and ensure applicability for real-time driver emergency notification. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SiDAS improves traffic safety

Examining the myths of connected and autonomous vehicles: analysing the pathway to a driverless mobility paradigm

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) could become the most powerful mobility intervention in the history of human race; possibly greater than the conception of the wheel itself or the shift from horse-carriages to automobiles. Despite CAVs' likely traffic safety, economic, environmental, social inclusion and network performance benefits their full-scale implementation may not be as predictable, uncomplicated, acceptable and risk-free as it is often communicated by a large share of automotive industries, policy-makers and transport experts. Framing an 'unproven', 'disruptive' and 'life-changing' intervention, primarily based on its competitive advantages over today's conventional automobile technologies, may create misconceptions, overreaching expectations and room for errors that societies need to be cautious about. This article 'tests' eleven myths referring to an overly optimistic CAVs' development and adoption timeline. This approach highlights unresolved issues that need to be addressed before an inescapable CAV-based mobility paradigm transition takes place and provides relevant policy recommendations on how to achieve that

Sistema de suporte à decisão para transportes públicos

Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e TelemáticaNowadays, the technology to turn cities smart already exists. Smart Cities, as they are called, are capable to sense, analyze and react: sense through the set of sensors displaced along the city, as they are sensors either xed (for environmental monitoring) or moving (for instance, citizens with their smartphones). A notable case is Porto, which incorporates a mesh network with more than 600 vehicles (buses, taxis and garbage trucks), communicating in-between and enabling the passengers of the buses of the city major bus carrier to access freely to the Internet while commuting. A vehicular network like this has huge positive impact in the city mobility, which is one of the biggest concerns of the governmental institutions. Therefore, it is crucial to understand what can be done to improve mobility. By analyzing the data generated by the movement of the buses, it is possible to deliver a new set of tools that might be useful for the everyday life of the bus passengers and bus eet managers. From the passengers perspective, the utility can be brought by the introduction of smart schedules, which consists on delivering estimated time of arrival that is adapting itself to the city dynamics, through the evolution of the time, and that can be accessed directly from their smartphones. From the perspective of the bus eet managers, it is possible to deliver insights about the usual behaviour of their bus lines, giving openness for them to react to the new or abnormal city public transportation dynamics. This dissertation presents an approach for analyzing the data descendent from the vehicular network and how to use it to answer the previously addressed problems. Regarding the missing link between the GPS trace from the bus and the bus line that they are doing, a map-matching algorithm is implemented. That turns possible the computation of estimations and predictions of the bus' passing times. In what concerns prediction, three machine learning ensemble algorithms have been tested. Finally, proof-ofconcept applications are implemented to demonstrate the real-life applicability, by helping the bus passengers and bus eet managers to react to the di erent events of their quotidian. The results show that the map-matching algorithm presents a good quality. Also, they demonstrate that the best machine learning algorithm, considering the prediction error, is Bagging using Support Vector Regressor as the base estimator. Finally, the pro les obtained in the performance dashboard enable distinction between optimal and non-optimal bus lines.Hoje em dia existe tecnologia para tornar as cidades inteligentes. As cidades inteligentes s~ao capazes de sentir, analisar e reagir: sentir através dos variados sensores espalhados em torno da cidade, sensores estes que podem ser fixos (sensores para a monitorização do estado ambiental) ou moveis (por exemplo, os cidadãos, graças aos seus smartphones). Um caso notável e o da cidade do Porto, que incorpora uma rede em malha com mais de 600 veículos (autocarros, táxis e camiões do lixo) que comunicam entre si, habilitando os passageiros dos autocarros da maior operadora da cidade a navegar na internet gratuitamente, enquanto viajam. O maior impacto de uma rede como esta e a mobilidade; e uma das preocupações das instituições governamentais locais e como elas podem melhorar a mobilidade. E por isso crucial analisar o que pode ser feito para melhorar a mobilidade de uma cidade. Utilizando os dados gerados pelo movimento dos autocarros e possível fornecer um conjunto de novas utilidades praticas que podem ser úteis ao quotidiano dos cidadãos e dos gestores de frota. Na perspectiva dos passageiros pode ser introduzido o conceito de smart schedule que consiste em fornecer o tempo estimado de chegada de um autocarro que se vai adaptando ao longo do tempo, de acordo com a dinâmica da cidade, que pode ser acedido directamente a partir do seu smartphone. Na perspectiva dos gestores de frota e possível fornecer introespecções sobre o comportamento habitual das linhas de autocarros, dando abertura a que estes sejam capazes de melhor reagir a novas ou anormais dinâmicas dos transportes públicos da cidade. Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem para analisar os dados provenientes da rede veicular e de como usa-los para tornar as ideias previamente esclarecidas, possíveis. Devido a inexistência da identificação do trafico GPS a uma linha de autocarro, um algoritmo de map-matching foi implementado. Isso torna a computação de estimações e predições sobre o tempo de passagem dos autocarros possível. No que toca a predição, foram testados três algoritmos diferentes de aprendizagem automática em conjunto para a construção de modelos preditivos. Porem, foram implementadas aplicações como prova de conceito que demonstram a aplicabilidade no mundo real, ajudando os passageiros dos autocarros e os gestores de frota a reagir aos diferentes eventos do seu quotidiano. Os resultados demonstram que o algoritmo de map-matching apresenta uma boa qualidade. Também demonstram que o melhor algoritmo de aprendizagem automática, considerando o erro de predição, e o Bagging utilizando como estimador base Support Vector Regressor. Porém, os pers obtidos pelo painel de controlo permitem distinguir linhas de autocarro com um funcionamento óptimo daquelas em que o funcionamento e insatisfação

Evaluation of Pavement Roughness and Vehicle Vibrations for Road Surface Profiling

The research explores aspects of road surface measurement and monitoring, targeting some of the main challenges in the field, including cost and portability of high-speed inertial profilers. These challenges are due to the complexities of modern profilers to integrate various sensors while using advanced algorithms and processes to analyse measured sensor data. Novel techniques were proposed to improve the accuracy of road surface longitudinal profiles using inertial profilers. The thesis presents a Half-Wavelength Peak Matching (HWPM) model, designed for inertial profilers that integrate a laser displacement sensor and an accelerometer to evaluate surface irregularities. The model provides an alternative approach to drift correction in accelerometers, which is a major challenge when evaluating displacement from acceleration. The theory relies on using data from the laser displacement sensor to estimate a correction offset for the derived displacement. The study also proposes an alternative technique to evaluating vibration velocity, which improves on computational factors when compared to commonly used methods. The aim is to explore a different dimension to road roughness evaluation, by investigating the effect of surface irregularities on vehicle vibration. The measured samples show that the drift in the displacement calculated from the accelerometer increased as the vehicle speed at which the road measurement was taken increased. As such, the significance of the HWPM model is more apparent at higher vehicle speeds, where the results obtained show noticeable improvements to current techniques. All results and analysis carried out to validate the model are based on real-time data obtained from an inertial profiler that was designed and developed for the research. The profiler, which is designed for portability, scalability and accuracy, provides a Power Over Ethernet (POE) enabled solution to cope with the demand for high data transmission rates.

Turismo sustentável nos Açores: Uma visão sobre o que o smart tourism poderá oferecer à região

Desde o final do ano 2019 a região Autónoma dos Açores foi considerada como o primeiro arquipélago no mundo a se tornar sustentável, o que chamou a atenção do mercado turístico. Apesar deste aspeto positivo os Açores, principalmente a ilha de São Miguel tem tido alguns problemas no que diz respeito ao overtourism, alem de a região não disponibilizar dos seus próprios sistemas informáticos que possam contribuir para um turismo mais sustentável. Este estudo baseia-se no princípio da solução de poder identificar as tecnologias que que são exclusivas da região e fazer com que o turista as passe a utilizar ao visitar o local, encontrar novos sistemas tecnológicos que possam ser instalados na região no âmbito de promover um turismo mais sustentável, bem como criar um ecossistema de smart tourism baseado em outras tecnologias que já existam ou que estejam a ser desenvolvidas em outras regiões do mundo. Com o recurso de dez entrevistas realizadas a entidades públicas e privadas do sector turístico e da sustentabilidade na região foram recolhidos dados acerca dos sistemas que existem na região dos Açores bem como onde se investir para os melhorar, e a apresentar algumas tecnologias ligadas ao turismo e que foram identificadas a partir de artigos científicos em outras regiões no mundo, que poderão ter perante os pilares da sustentabilidade dos Açores, tendo como função ajudar a criar um futuro ecossistema de smart tourism na região.Since the end of 2019 the Autonomous Region of the Azores has been considered as the first archipelago in the world to become sustainable, which drew the attention of the tourism market. Despite this positive aspect, the Azores, mainly the island of São Miguel, has had some problems regarding overtourism, besides the region does not have its own IT systems that can contribute to a more sustainable tourism. This study is based on the solution principle of being able to identify the technologies that are unique to the region and making tourists use them when visiting the place, finding new technological systems that can be installed in the region in order to promote a more sustainable tourism, as well as creating a smart tourism ecosystem based on other technologies that already exist or that are being developed in other regions of the world. With the help of ten interviews conducted with public and private entities in the tourism and sustainability sector in the region, the information was collected about the systems that exist in the Azores region as well as where to invest to improve them and to present some technologies related to tourism, that were identified from scientific articles in other regions of the world, that may have a bearing on the pillars of sustainability in the Azores, which will help create a future ecosystem of smart tourism in the region

Achieving reliable and enhanced communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyWith the envisioned age of Internet of Things (IoTs), different aspects of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) will be linked so as to advance road transportation safety, ease congestion of road traffic, lessen air pollution, improve passenger transportation comfort and significantly reduce road accidents. In vehicular networks, regular exchange of current position, direction, speed, etc., enable mobile vehicle to foresee an imminent vehicle accident and notify the driver early enough in order to take appropriate action(s) or the vehicle on its own may take adequate preventive measures to avert the looming accident. Actualizing this concept requires use of shared media access protocol that is capable of guaranteeing reliable and timely broadcast of safety messages. This dissertation investigates the use of Network Coding (NC) techniques to enrich the content of each transmission and ensure improved high reliability of the broadcasted safety messages with less number of retransmissions. A Code Aided Retransmission-based Error Recovery (CARER) protocol is proposed. In order to avoid broadcast storm problem, a rebroadcasting vehicle selection metric η, is developed, which is used to select a vehicle that will rebroadcast the received encoded message. Although the proposed CARER protocol demonstrates an impressive performance, the level of incurred overhead is fairly high due to the use of complex rebroadcasting vehicle selection metric. To resolve this issue, a Random Network Coding (RNC) and vehicle clustering based vehicular communication scheme with low algorithmic complexity, named Reliable and Enhanced Cooperative Cross-layer MAC (RECMAC) scheme, is proposed. The use of this clustering technique enables RECMAC to subdivide the vehicular network into small manageable, coordinated clusters which further improve transmission reliability and minimise negative impact of network overhead. Similarly, a Cluster Head (CH) selection metric ℱ(\u1d457) is designed, which is used to determine and select the most suitably qualified candidate to become the CH of a particular cluster. Finally, in order to investigate the impact of available radio spectral resource, an in-depth study of the required amount of spectrum sufficient to support high transmission reliability and minimum latency requirements of critical road safety messages in vehicular networks was carried out. The performance of the proposed schemes was clearly shown with detailed theoretical analysis and was further validated with simulation experiments

Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on Future ICT (Future-ICT 2019) in Conjunction with 4th International Symposium on Mobile Internet Security (MobiSec 2019)

The International Symposium on Future ICT (Future-ICT 2019) in conjunction with the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Internet Security (MobiSec 2019) was held on 17–19 October 2019 in Taichung, Taiwan. The symposium provided academic and industry professionals an opportunity to discuss the latest issues and progress in advancing smart applications based on future ICT and its relative security. The symposium aimed to publish high-quality papers strictly related to the various theories and practical applications concerning advanced smart applications, future ICT, and related communications and networks. It was expected that the symposium and its publications would be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in this field

Measuring Behavior 2018 Conference Proceedings

These proceedings contain the papers presented at Measuring Behavior 2018, the 11th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research. The conference was organised by Manchester Metropolitan University, in collaboration with Noldus Information Technology. The conference was held during June 5th – 8th, 2018 in Manchester, UK. Building on the format that has emerged from previous meetings, we hosted a fascinating program about a wide variety of methodological aspects of the behavioral sciences. We had scientific presentations scheduled into seven general oral sessions and fifteen symposia, which covered a topical spread from rodent to human behavior. We had fourteen demonstrations, in which academics and companies demonstrated their latest prototypes. The scientific program also contained three workshops, one tutorial and a number of scientific discussion sessions. We also had scientific tours of our facilities at Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy, and the nearby British Cycling Velodrome. We hope this proceedings caters for many of your interests and we look forward to seeing and hearing more of your contributions