Internet of things: why we are not there yet

Twenty-one years past since Weiser’s vision of ubiquitous computing (UbiComp) has been written, and it is yet to be fully fulfilled despite of almost all the needed technologies already available. Still, the widespread interest in UbiComp and the results in some of its fields pose a question: why we are not there yet? It seems we miss the ‘octopus’ head. In this paper, we will try to depict the reasons why we are not there yet, from three different points of view: interaction media, device integration and applications

サーバクラスタでの低消費電力化のための移行モデルの研究

博士(工学)法政大学 (Hosei University

A Survey on Multihop Ad Hoc Networks for Disaster Response Scenarios

Disastrous events are one of the most challenging applications of multihop ad hoc networks due to possible damages of existing telecommunication infrastructure.The deployed cellular communication infrastructure might be partially or completely destroyed after a natural disaster. Multihop ad hoc communication is an interesting alternative to deal with the lack of communications in disaster scenarios. They have evolved since their origin, leading to differentad hoc paradigms such as MANETs, VANETs, DTNs, or WSNs.This paper presents a survey on multihop ad hoc network paradigms for disaster scenarios.It highlights their applicability to important tasks in disaster relief operations. More specifically, the paper reviews the main work found in the literature, which employed ad hoc networks in disaster scenarios.In addition, it discusses the open challenges and the future research directions for each different ad hoc paradigm

Pozicioniranje i praćenje pješaka u zatvorenom prostoru koristeći senzore pametnih telefona, otkrivanje koraka i algoritam za geokodiranje

The paper deals with indoor navigation using inertial sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc.) built in a smartphone. The main disadvantage of the use of inertial sensors is the accuracy, which rapidly decreases with the increasing time of the measurement. The reason of the deteriorating accuracy is the presence of errors in inertial measurements, which are accumulated in the integration process. The paper describes the determination of a pedestrian trajectory using step detection method, which is improved with utilization of the adaptive step length estimation algorithm. This algorithm reflects the change of the step length with different types of movement. The proposal of the data processing uses information from floormap, what allows the verification of the pedestrian position and detects the collision of the trajectory with the floormap. The proposed algorithm significantly increases the accuracy of the resulting trajectory. Another extension of the proposed algorithm is the implementation of the barometer measurements for determination of the height differences. This fact allows change the floor in a multi-storey buildings. The experimental measurement was realized with a smartphone Samsung Galaxy S4.Rad se bavi navigacijom u zatvorenom prostoru koristeći inercijalne senzore (akcelerometre, žiroskope, itd.) ugrađene u pametne telefone. Najveći nedostatak korištenja inercijalnih senzora je netočnost koja se ubrzano povećava produljenjem vremena mjerenja. Razlog smanjenja točnosti je prisutnost pogrešaka inercijalnih mjerenja koje se akumuliraju kroz proces integracije. Rad opisuje određivanje putanje pješaka koristeći metodu praćenja koraka koja je poboljšana korištenjem algoritma za procjenu prilagodljive duljine koraka. Ovaj algoritam odražava promjene u duljini koraka s različitim vrstama kretanja. Prijedlog obrade podataka koristi informacije iz tlocrta katova što omogućava potvrdu položaja pješaka i otkriva koliziju putanje s tlocrtom. Predloženi algoritam znatno povećava točnost dobivene putanje. Drugi dodatak predloženog algoritma se odnosi na upotrebu barometarskih mjerenja pri određivanju visinskih razlika. Ova činjenica omogućava promjenu kata u višekatnoj zgradi. Eksperimentalno mjerenje je izvršeno uz pomoć pametnog telefona Samsung Galaxy S4

A Secure Cluster-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for WMSNs

The new characteristics of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) and its design issues brought by handling different traffic classes of multimedia content (video streams, audio, and still images) as well as scalar data over the network, make the proposed routing protocols for typical WSNs not directly applicable for WMSNs. Handling real-time multimedia data requires both energy efficiency and QoS assurance in order to ensure efficient utility of different capabilities of sensor resources and correct delivery of collected information. In this paper, we propose a Secure Cluster-based Multipath Routing protocol for WMSNs, SCMR, to satisfy the requirements of delivering different data types and support high data rate multimedia traffic. SCMR exploits the hierarchical structure of powerful cluster heads and the optimized multiple paths to support timeliness and reliable high data rate multimedia communication with minimum energy dissipation. Also, we present a light-weight distributed security mechanism of key management in order to secure the communication between sensor nodes and protect the network against different types of attacks. Performance evaluation from simulation results demonstrates a significant performance improvement comparing with existing protocols (which do not even provide any kind of security feature) in terms of average end-to-end delay, network throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption

Ubiquitous Monitoring of Electrical Household Appliances

The number of appliances at home is increasing continuously, mainly because they make our lives easier. Currently, technology is integrated in all objects of our daily life. TCP/IP let us monitor our home in real time and check ubiquitously if something is happening at home. Bearing in mind this idea, we have developed a low-cost system, which can be used in any type of electrical household appliance that takes information from the appliance and posts the information to the Twitter Social network. Several sensors placed in the household appliances gather the sensed data and send them wired or wirelessly, depending on the case, using small and cheap devices to a gateway located in the home. This gateway takes decisions, based on the received data, and sends notifications to Twitter. We have developed a software application that takes the values and decides when to issue an alarm to the registered users (Twitter friends of our smart home). The performance of our system has been measured taking into account the home network (using IEEE 802.3u and IEEE 802.11g) and the data publishing in Twitter. As a result, we have generated an original product and service for any electrical household appliance, regardless of the model and manufacturer, that helps home users improve their quality of life. The paper also shows that there is no system with the same innovative features like the ones presented in this paper.Lloret, J.; Macias Lopez, EM.; Suarez Sarmiento, A.; Lacuesta, R. (2012). Ubiquitous Monitoring of Electrical Household Appliances. Sensors. 12(11):15159-15191. doi:10.3390/s121115159S15159151911211Aiello, M., & Dustdar, S. (2008). Are our homes ready for services? A domotic infrastructure based on the Web service stack. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 4(4), 506-525. doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2008.01.002Chan, M., Estève, D., Escriba, C., & Campo, E. (2008). A review of smart homes—Present state and future challenges. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 91(1), 55-81. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.02.001Groza, V. Z., Makrakis, D., Petriu, D. C., Georganas, N. D., & Petriu, E. M. (2000). Sensor-based information appliances. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, 3(4), 31-35. doi:10.1109/5289.887458Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2010). The Internet of Things: A survey. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2787-2805. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010http://www.tuexperto.com/2012/01/15/rsg309-y-rf4289-dos-frigorificos-de-samsung-con-lcd-y-wi-fi/http://www.lg.com/global/press-release/article/lg-unveils-total-home-appliance-solution-empowering-consumers-to-smartly-manage-their-homes.jspPishva, D., & Takeda, K. (2008). Product-based security model for smart home appliances. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 23(10), 32-41. doi:10.1109/maes.2008.4665323Kamilaris, A., Pitsillides, A., & Trifa, V. (2011). The Smart Home meets the Web of Things. International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 7(3), 145. doi:10.1504/ijahuc.2011.040115The Wi-Fi Body Scale Websitehttp://www.withings.com/en/bodyscaleXport Webpagehttp://www.lantronix.com/device-networking/embedded-device-servers/xport.htmlMatchport Webpagehttp://www.lantronix.com/device-networking/embedded-device-servers/matchport.htmlColección de circuitos de entrada/salidahttp://www.ucontrol.com.ar/wiki/index.php/Colecci%C3%B3n_de_circuitos_de_entrada/salida#RS-232_sin_integrados.2C_solo_con_componentes_discretosPressure Measurement Instrumentationhttp://www.sensorsone.co.uk/products/299/111/33X-High-Accuracy-Digital-Output-Pressure%20Sensor.htmlIntelligent Technology and Telecommunicationshttp://www.caveo.com.ar/s_temp__rs232.htmIntelligent Technology and Telecommunicationshttp://www.caveo.com.ar/sht-rs.htmPressure Measurement Instrumentationhttp://www.sensorsone.co.uk/products/299/133/41X-Low-Range-Digital-Output-Pressure-Sensor.htmlhttp://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/204770161/indoor_temperature_humidity_sensor_RS232_digital.htmlhttp://www.schallsensor.de/3_lei02_USS3_Uebersicht_e.pdfhttp://www.directindustry.com/prod/kimo/multi-function-panel-meters-pressure-air-velocity-and-air-flow-11846-379335.htmlhttp://www.directindustry.es/prod/ghm-messtechnik/aparatos-de-medicion-multifunciones-presion-velocidad-de-aire-y-humedad-relativa-13944-644947.htmlhttp://www.directindustry.es/prod/tenmarstenmars-electronics/aparatos-de-medicion-multifunciones-presion-velocidad-y-caudal-de-aire-31769-580973.htmlHumidity Temperature Flow Rate Measuring Devicehttp://www.greisinger.de/files/upload/en/produkte/kat/14.pdfAcmas Technocracy LTDhttp://www.measuring-meters.com/environment-testing-meters/multiple-function-weather-meter.phpTesto. Multi Function Instrumentshttp://www.esis.com.au/Testo/Testo-instruments.htm#MultiFunctionSystems. Hazmat Weather Stationhttp://www.climatronics.com/Web%20Manuals/M102647%20HAZMAT%20System%20(cable).pdfhttp://chinayehai.en.made-in-china.com/product/wMUnOxKbyNcC/China-6-in-1-Digital-Multifunction-Environment-Meter-Yh610.htmlhttp://www.superrobotica.com/S320122.htmhttp://www.lutron.com.tw/ugC_ShowroomItem_Detail.asp?hidKindID=1&hidTypeID=74&hidCatID=0&hidShowID=583&hidPrdType=&txtSrhData=The REST API for Twitterhttps://dev.twitter.com/docs/apiThe Home Page of XAMPhttp://www.apachefriends.org/es/xampp.htmlRaol, J. R., & Girija, G. (2002). Sensor data fusion algorithms using square-root information filtering. IEE Proceedings - Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 149(2), 89. doi:10.1049/ip-rsn:20020128Dong, J., Zhuang, D., Huang, Y., & Fu, J. (2009). Advances in Multi-Sensor Data Fusion: Algorithms and Applications. Sensors, 9(10), 7771-7784. doi:10.3390/s91007771Google Fusion Tables API Developer's Guidehttps://developers.google.com/fusiontables/docs/v1/getting_startedThe Home Page of Libcurl Libraryhttp://www.php.net/manual/es/intro.curl.ph

Forensic imaging and analysis of Apple iOS devices

In this thesis we present our research on digital forensics on the iOS platform, structured along three areas: forensic imaging; forensic analysis; and anti-forensic techniques. In the field of forensic imaging, we demonstrate that the iPad can control external storage devices attached via USB, using Apple's Camera Connection Kit adapters. This results in a 30x speed boost compared to the traditional Wi-Fi transfer. In terms of forensic analysis, we found that printing documents wirelessly via AirPrint leaves a trace in the device that, when recovered, reveals the full contents of the documents that have been printed. Finally, in terms of anti-forensics, we created a proof-of-concept tool that disables a number of system services used by forensic tools to retrieve data. The tool also applies other hardening measures aimed at preventing the abuse of the services that remain activated.Esta tesis presenta nuestra investigación sobre informática forense en la plataforma iOS, estructurada en tres áreas: adquisición forense; análisis forense; y técnicas anti-forenses. En el campo de adquisición forense, demostramos que el iPad puede controlar dispositivos externos de almacenamiento conectados vía USB, usando los adaptadores del Apple Camera Connection Kit. Esto supone una velocidad de transferencia 30 veces superior a la transferencia vía Wi-Fi. En cuanto al análisis forense, observamos que la impresión inalámbrica de documentos vía AirPrint deja un rastro en el dispositivo que, al ser recuperado, revela el contenido completo de los documentos que hayan sido impresos. Por último, en el ámbito de técnicas anti-forenses implementamos una herramienta como prueba de concepto que deshabilita determinados servicios del sistema usados por las herramientas forenses para extraer datos del dispositivo. La herramienta también aplica otras medidas de seguridad para prevenir la explotación de los servicios que continúen activados.Aquesta tesi presenta la nostra investigació sobre informàtica forense a la plataforma iOS, estructurada en tres àrees: adquisició forense; anàlisi forense; i tècniques antiforenses. En el camp d'adquisició forense, demostrem que l'iPad pot controlar dispositius externs d'emmagatzematge connectats via USB, usant els adaptadors de l'Apple Camera Connection Kit. Això suposa una velocitat de transferència 30 vegades superior a la transferència via Wi-Fi. Pel que fa a l'anàlisi forense, observem que la impressió sense fil de documents a partir d'AirPrint deixa un rastre al dispositiu que, en ser recuperat, revela el contingut complet dels documents que hagin estat impresos. Finalment, en l'àmbit de tècniques antiforenses implementem una eina com a prova de concepte que deshabilita determinats serveis del sistema usats per les eines forenses per a extreure dades del dispositiu. L'eina també aplica altres mesures de seguretat per a prevenir l'explotació dels serveis que continuïn activats.Tecnologías de la información y de rede

Contribution to design a communication framework for vehicular ad hoc networks in urban scenarios

The constant mobility of people, the growing need to be always connected, the large number of vehicles that nowadays can be found in the roads and the advances in technology make Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) be a major area of research. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks are a special type of wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), which allow a group of mobile nodes configure a temporary network and maintain it without the need of a fixed infrastructure. A vehicular network presents some specific characteristics, as the very high speed of nodes. Due to this high speed the topology changes are frequent and the communication links may last only a few seconds. Smart cities are now a reality and have a direct relationship with vehicular networks. With the help of existing infrastructure such as traffic lights, we propose a scheme to update and analyse traffic density and a warning system to spread alert messages. With this, traffic lights assist vehicular networks to take proper decisions. This would ensure less congested streets. It would also be possible that the routing protocol forwards data packets to vehicles on streets with enough neighbours to increase the possibility of delivering the packets to destination. Sharing updated, reliable and real-time information, about traffic conditions, weather or security alerts, increases the need of algorithms for the dissemination of information that take into account the main beneffits and constraints of these networks. For all this, routing protocols for vehicular networks have the difficult task to select and establish transmission links to send the data packets from source to destination through multiple nodes using intermediate vehicles efficiently. The main objective of this thesis is to provide improvements in the communication framework for vehicular networks to improve decisions to select next hops in the moment to send information, in this way improving the exchange of information to provide suitable communication to minimize accidents, reduce congestion, optimize resources for emergencies, etc. Also, we include intelligence to vehicles at the moment to take routing decisions. Making them map-aware, being conscious of the presence of buildings and other obstacles in urban environments. Furthermore, our proposal considers the decision to store packets for a maximum time until finding other neighbouring nodes to forward the packets before discarding them. For this, we propose a protocol that considers multiple metrics that we call MMMR (A Multimetric, Map-Aware Routing Protocol ). MMMR is a protocol based on geographical knowledge of the environment and vehicle location. The metrics considered are the distance, the density of vehicles in transmission range, the available bandwidth and the future trajectory of the neighbouring nodes. This allows us to have a complete view of the vehicular scenario to anticipate the driver about possible changes that may occur. Thus, a node can select a node among all its neighbours, which is the best option to increase the likelihood of successful packet delivery, minimizing time and offering a level of quality and service. In the same way, being aware of the increase of information in wireless environments, we analyse the possibility of offering anonymity services. We include a mechanism of anonymity in routing protocols based on the Crowd algorithm, which uses the idea of hiding the original source of a packet. This allowed us to add some level of anonymity on VANET routing protocols. The analytical modeling of the available bandwidth between nodes in a VANET, the use of city infrastructure in a smart way, the forwarding selection in data routing byvehicles and the provision of anonymity in communications, are issues that have been addressed in this PhD thesis. In our research work we provide contributions to improve the communication framework for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks obtaining benefits toenhance the everyday of the population.La movilidad constante de las personas y la creciente necesidad de estar conectados en todo momento ha hecho de las redes vehiculares un área cuyo interés ha ido en aumento. La gran cantidad de vehículos que hay en la actualidad, y los avances tecnológicos han hecho de las redes vehiculares (VANETS, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) un gran campo de investigación. Las redes vehiculares son un tipo especial de redes móviles ad hoc inalámbricas, las cuales, al igual que las redes MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks), permiten a un grupo de nodos móviles tanto configurar como mantener una red temporal por si mismos sin la necesidad de una infraestructura fija. Las redes vehiculares presentan algunas características muy representativas, por ejemplo, la alta velocidad que pueden alcanzar los nodos, en este caso vehículos. Debido a esta alta velocidad la topología cambia frecuentemente y la duración de los enlaces de comunicación puede ser de unos pocos segundos. Estas redes tienen una amplia área de aplicación, pudiendo tener comunicación entre los mismos nodos (V2V) o entre los vehículos y una infraestructura fija (V2I). Uno de los principales desafíos existentes en las VANET es la seguridad vial donde el gobierno y fabricantes de automóviles han centrado principalmente sus esfuerzos. Gracias a la rápida evolución de las tecnologías de comunicación inalámbrica los investigadores han logrado introducir las redes vehiculares dentro de las comunicaciones diarias permitiendo una amplia variedad de servicios para ofrecer. Las ciudades inteligentes son ahora una realidad y tienen una relación directa con las redes vehiculares. Con la ayuda de la infraestructura existente, como semáforos, se propone un sistema de análisis de densidad de tráfico y mensajes de alerta. Con esto, los semáforos ayudan a la red vehicular en la toma de decisiones. Así se logrará disponer de calles menos congestionadas para hacer una circulación más fluida (lo cual disminuye la contaminación). Además, sería posible que el protocolo de encaminamiento de datos elija vehículos en calles con suficientes vecinos para incrementar la posibilidad de entregar los paquetes al destino (minimizando pérdidas de información). El compartir información actualizada, confiable y en tiempo real sobre el estado del tráfico, clima o alertas de seguridad, aumenta la necesidad de algoritmos de difusión de la información que consideren los principales beneficios y restricciones de estas redes. Así mismo, considerar servicios críticos que necesiten un nivel de calidad y servicio es otro desafío importante. Por todo esto, un protocolo de encaminamiento para este tipo de redes tiene la difícil tarea de seleccionar y establecer enlaces de transmisión para enviar los datos desde el origen hacia el destino vía múltiples nodos utilizando vehículos intermedios de una manera eficiente. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es ofrecer mejoras en los sistemas de comunicación vehicular que mejoren la toma de decisiones en el momento de realizar el envío de la información, con lo cual se mejora el intercambio de información para poder ofrecer comunicación oportuna que minimice accidentes, reduzca atascos, optimice los recursos destinados a emergencias, etc. Así mismo, incluimos más inteligencia a los coches en el momento de tomar decisiones de encaminamiento de paquetes. Haciéndolos conscientes de la presencia de edificios y otros obstáculos en los entornos urbanos. Así como tomar la decisión de guardar paquetes durante un tiempo máximo de modo que se encuentre otros nodos vecinos para encaminar paquetes de información antes de descartarlo. Para esto, proponemos un protocolo basado en múltiples métricas (MMMR, A Multimetric, Map-aware Routing Protocol ) que es un protocolo geográfio basado en el conocimiento del entorno y localización de los vehículos. Las métricas consideradas son la distancia, la densidad de vehículos en el área de transmisión, el ancho de banda disponible y la trayectoria futura de los nodos vecinos. Esto nos permite tener una visión completa del escenario vehicular y anticiparnos a los posibles cambios que puedan suceder. Así, un nodo podrá seleccionar aquel nodo entre todos sus vecinos posibles que sea la mejor opción para incrementar la posibilidad de entrega exitosa de paquetes, minimizando tiempos y ofreciendo un cierto nivel de calidad y servicio. De la misma manera, conscientes del incremento de información que circula por medios inalámbricos, se analizó la posibilidad de servicios de anonimato. Incluimos pues un mecanismo de anonimato en protocolos de encaminamiento basado en el algoritmo Crowd, que se basa en la idea de ocultar la fuente original de un paquete. Esto nos permitió añadir cierto nivel de anonimato que pueden ofrecer los protocolos de encaminamiento. El modelado analítico del ancho de banda disponible entre nodos de una VANET, el uso de la infraestructura de la ciudad de una manera inteligente, la adecuada toma de decisiones de encaminamiento de datos por parte de los vehículos y la disposición de anonimato en las comunicaciones, son problemas que han sido abordados en este trabajo de tesis doctoral que ofrece contribuciones a la mejora de las comunicaciones en redes vehiculares en entornos urbanos aportando beneficios en el desarrollo de la vida diaria de la población