ELIMINATION OF CADMIUM AND LEAD MIXTURE IN SOLUTION BY PRETREATED RICE STRAW AND HUSK

An experiment on the activity of pretreated rice straw and husk in eliminating heavy metals from solution has been conducted. The rice straw and husk were soaked in 3% NaOH solution, drained and then washed with demineralised water until the washing became neutral (the results were referred to as straw and husk). The pretreated rice straw and husk (straw and husk) were mixed (stirring and without stirring) separately with Cd and Pb solution in time series. It was found that Cd was adsorbed more than Pb and straw was more active than husk. On the other hand, the stirring process and time series did not give much effect on straw, while the activity of husk increased with the increase of time period

Improvement of Rice Straw Hydrolysate Preparation for Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC 24860

Production of biological ethanol (bioethanol) from biomass waste residues through biotechnological approach (cellulosic bioethanol) is important nowadays as it is a mitigation process towards fossil fuel depletion, energy crisis and greenhouse gasses pollution. It is an environmental friendly process which also facilitates carbon sequestration and provides a carbon neutral fuel for transportation and other applications. It is also an alternative way to utilize biomass waste from agroindustries such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice straw. In this study, cellulosic bioethanol was produced from rice straw through a three-stage system which are pretreatment of the rice straw, enzyme production and cellulosic bioethanol fermentation. The first stage is pretreatment, where improvements on existing pretreatment technologies were studied, without chemical treatment. Wet disc milling machine was used with the addition of water to the rice straw prior the milling process involving rotating grinding stones. By incorporating thermal treatment (121°C) to the wet discmilled product, there are improvements in free glucose released prior to enzymatic hydrolysis and reduction in lignocellulosic particle size. It was found that by wet disc milling and thermal treatment, 0.046 g glucose was released per g rice straw as compared to 0.024 g glucose per g rice straw respectively. While for NaOH pretreatment, no glucose release can be detected after pretreatment since the rice straw must be rinsed to remove the chemical. The second stage involves cellulase production and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. By incorporating 50 mL of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as nutrient in 1 liter Mandel’s medium, cellulase production from rice straw by Aspergillus sp. at 30°C after 5 days produced remarkable activity, which is 6.3 FPU/g rice straw used. This crude cellulase when used on pretreated rice straw in 50 mL bottle with magnetic stirrer bar at pH 4.8 and temperature of 50°C gave higher glucose compared to nonthermal treated rice straw, with increment from 0.245 g glucose/g rice straw to 0.380 g glucose/g rice straw. The third stage involves ethanol fermentation by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 24860. The pH of the hydrolyzed rice straw was adjusted to 6.0 prior to the yeast inoculation. Incubation was carried out in 50 mL stirrer bottle at 37°C. Theoretically, one mole of glucose (180.16 g) will be converted into two moles of ethanol (92.14 g). In this study, 0.10 g ethanol/g rice straw obtained, which counted for 62.61% of bioethanol produced

Kandungan Kalsium (C) dan Fospor (P) Silase Kombinasi Jerami Padi dan Daun Lamtoro Sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the calcium (Ca) content and phosphorus (p) silage combination of rice straw and lamtoro leaves as a good feed for ruminants. The Research Method used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of 4 treatments and each treatment was repeated 3 times namely J0 = 100% Rice Straw + 0% Leucaena Leaves (Control), J1 = 60% Rice Straw + 40% Leucaena Leaves, J2 = 70% Rice Straw + 30% Leucaena Leaf and J3 = 80% Rice Straw + 20% Leucaena Leaf. The results showed that the combination of rice straw silage and lamtoro leaves showed that there was a very significant effect (P <0.01) on calcium (ca) and phosphorus (p) on rice straw and lamtoro leaves. The average value of calcium from highest to lowest is J1 (0.86%), J2 (0.82%), J3 (0.75%) and J0 (0.59%). The highest to lowest phosphorus values were J1 (0.29%), J2 (0.27%), J3 (0.23%) and J0 (0.19%). From the results of the study, it is known that the best treatment and can be recommended is J1 treatment consisting of 60% rice straw and 40% lamtoro leaves.Keywords: Rice Straw; Lamtoro Leaves; Silage; Calcium; Phosphor; Ruminant animal

Abu Jerami Dalam Kaca, Seramik Kaca Dan Komposit Polimer

Kajian ini merangkumi tiga bahagian utama iaitu, mengenai pencirian jerami dan abu jerami, abu jerami di dalam kaca serta seramik kaca dan abu jerami sebagai pengisi dalam komposit polimer. This work consists of three main parts; characterization of rice straw and rice straw ash, rice straw ash in glasses and glass ceramics, and rice straw ash as a filler in polymer composites

Bio-efficacy of microbial infused rice straw compost on plant growth promotion and induction of disease resistance in chili

Microbial fortified organic amendment in chili cultivation may affect plant development and disease suppression. Microbial infused rice straw compost, commercial rice straw compost, and fungicide Benomyl for chili (Capsicum annum L.) cultivation and control of Sclerotium foot rot were studied under glass house condition. Chili seed cv. Kulai were sown in the Sclerotium rolfsii infested and non-infested soil. After two weeks, five healthy seedlings were transplanted into planting bags. Growth performance and development of disease symptoms associated with S. rolfsii foot rot infection were assessed. Applying microbial infused rice straw compost increased seed germination and plant growth, and suppressed development of foot rot compared to using commercial rice straw compost and the Benomyl. A higher disease reduction (84.6%) occurred with 15 Mg · ha−1 microbial infused rice straw compost (62.7%), followed by Benomyl (53.8%), and 15 Mg · ha−1 commercial rice straw compost (46.2%). Application of microbial infused rice straw compost at 15 Mg · ha−1 yielded optimum seed germination and seedling establishment, plant growth, and disease suppression. Microbial infused rice straw compost is a good alternative to chemical fungicide in controlling Sclerotial disease in chili

Effect Of Fermented Rice Straw With Ecoenzymes On Digestibility of Dry Matter and Organic Matter In Local Sheep

Rice straw with abundant availability becomes very potential to be used as local sheep feed. Fermentation needs to be done to improve the nutritional quality of rice straw which is quite low. The nutritional content needs to be considered in order to support the productivity of sheep. Local sheep is one of the livestock commodities that provide meat. This study aimed to determine the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter feed based on rice straw (oryza sativa) fermented with ecoenzymes in male local sheep. The research was carried out in Namorambe, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra from January to March 2021 and at the Chemistry Postgraduate Laboratory, University of North Sumatra. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (100% odot grass without fermented rice straw), P1 (75% odot grass and 25% fermented rice straw), P2 (50% odot grass and 50% fermented rice straw), P3 (25% odot grass and 75% fermented rice straw), P4 (100% fermented rice straw without odot grass). The parameters observed were dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. The results showed that the administration of fermented rice straw with ecoenzymes did not significantly affect the dry matter and organic matter digestibility of male local sheep. The conclusion of the study showed that the administration of fermented rice straw with ecoenzymes had the same dry matter and organic matter digestibility as odot grass

Process Simulation-based Net Energy Analysis for Future Bioethanol Production as Commercial Biofuel from Waste Rice Straw in Sri Lanka

As the staple food crop in Sri Lanka, paddy rice occupies around 34% (over 0.87 million hectares of land) of the total arable area in the country, corresponding to an average rice production of 3,774,344 t/year. Rice straw is the major biomass waste from rice cultivation, which approximates to an average of 2,830,758 t/year generation at a theoretical straw/grain ratio of 0.75. Open burning of rice straw in paddy fields is the common practice, which could result in an average GHG emissions of 92 kg CO2 eq/t of dry rice straw and other harmful airborne emissions. Application of rice straw into soil as an organic fertiliser is also an inefficient practice, compared to bioenergy generation using rice straw. The average composition of the Sri Lankan rice straw (i.e. 30.0 wt.% cellulose, 3.9 wt.% hemicellulose, 38.2% lignin, 16.1 wt.% wax, and 12.3 wt.% silica) shows the possibility to be used as a second-generation bioethanol feedstock. Existing studies indicate that bioethanol production from rice straw is more environmentally-benign, compared to alternative options, such as gasification for combined heat and power and dimethyl ether (DME) production. This study analyses the net energy indicators of a possible bioethanol production process from rice straw in Sri Lanka. Chemical process simulations using Aspen Plus software were utilised to evaluate the bioethanol production process from rice straw, with a plant output capacity of 1,000 litres/hr of dehydrated bioethanol (99.7 vol.% ethanol) that can be blended with gasoline as a commercial fuel (e.g. E10: 10% bioethanol+gasoline) without any vehicle engine modification. The cradle to gate bioethanol production process from waste rice straw, considered for net energy analysis consists of three major stages: 1. Rice straw preparation, 2. Rice straw transportation, and 3. Bioethanol conversion. The results show that the considered bioethanol production process has a positive net energy gain and increased renewability factor. Detailed analysis indicates that only around 8% of the total process energy consumption is utilised for the bioethanol dehydration operation that is favourable for converting any existing rice straw ethanol plant into commercial gasohol production plant. The sensitivity of bioethanol yield and process energy parameters for the net energy indicator results are further analysed and discussed. The findings from this study can support decision making for a future waste-to-biofuel plant using waste rice straw in Sri Lanka.Keywords: Rice straw, Bioethanol production, Net energy analysis, Process simulation, Waste-to-biofue

Penggunaan Beberapa Macam Limbah Tumbuhan sebagai Media Tumbuh Jamur Merang ( Volvariella Volvaceae )

Volvariella volvaceae (Bull. Ex. Fr) or merang mushroom is the first consumption mushrooms that can be cultivated.Cultivating Merang Mushrom, requires growing medium that contains cellulose. Rice straw as a medium for growing merang mushrooms is getting lessen howadays, so to keep the continuity of merang mushroom production it needs an alternative media that have the same quality as rice straw. Dried banana leaves and corn stalks are remnant from agricultural production, while weeds are the weeds on agricultural land. these materials may be can used as an alternative media to replace rice straw in growing merang mushroom. This research was conducted in Merawan, Tapen district at Bondowoso Regency. The method of the research carries out with the basic pattern of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that consist of single treatment that is planting medium consists of seven levels of growing rice straw media (M0), dried banana leaves media (M1), dried banana leaf + rice straw medium (M2), corn stalks media (M3), corn stalks + rice straw medium (M4), weeds media (M5), and weeds + rice straw medium (M6) with four repetition, then further test used Duncan test level 5%. It can be seen that production weigth, and toral number of fruit, the best result obtain on rice straw media treatment (M0), while corn stalks media (M3) can be used as priority alternative for replace rice straw because the total production is risen comparity to the other alternative growing media treatment. Keywords: mushroom, mushroom growing media, waste plan