The Effect of Citronella Oil and Sesame Oil Emulsion Coating on The Quality and Storability of Mangoes (Mangifera Indica L.)

One of the most promising agricultural commodities is the cultivation of mangoes. One way that can be used to maintain the quality and freshness of the fruit in a simple way is to do an emulsion coating. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of citronella oil and sesame oil emulsion coating on the quality and storability of mango (Mangifera indica L.). The method used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factorial treatments and controls. The first factor was citronella oil under a concentration of 0.5% and 1%. The second factor is sesame oil under a concentration of 0.5% and 1%. The two oils were combined in the emulsion into three treatment combinations, namely S0W2, S2W0, and S1W1. The parameters measured in the observations were hardness, damage, and glucose levels in the fruit. The results showed that the level of hardness of mangoes decreased in the four treatments. Then it was found that there was an effect of delaying the maturity of the fruit with the S1W1 treatment because it was not damaged like the other treatments. While glucose levels in the fruit have increased due to the ripening process. Coating treatment with a ratio of citronella oil concentration of 0.5% to 0.5% sesame oil is the most effective treatment combination in maintaining quality and shelf life because this treatment can delay damage to mangoes.

Toxicity of Soursop (Annona Muricata L) Leaf Extract and Patchouli (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) Leaf Extract to American Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)

This study aims to determine the toxicity of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) and patchouli leaf extract (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) on the mortality of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The extract was prepared using the maceration method, using distilled water as a solvent. Soursop and patchouli leaf extracts with a concentration of 5% were sprayed as much as 2 ml on each American cockroach. The results of the study were cockroach mortality data for 1-120 hours with observations every 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. As for the results obtained, the administration of soursop leaf extract cockroach mortality at the 24th hour was 66.67% and at the 48th hour 100% cockroach mortality. Whereas in the administration of patchouli leaf extract cockroach mortality at the 96th hour was 66.67% and at the 120th hour 100% cockroach mortality

DIVERSITY OF SEA URCHINS ON THE BEACHSAMBOANG, BULUKUMBA DISTRICT

The aim of this research is to determine the diversity of sea urchins found in the waters of Samboang Beach, Bulukumba Regency. This research method uses a line transect method with a size of 1 m x 1 m. The data obtained was then identified, then analyzed using the diversity index (H'), evenness index (C) and dominance index (D). The results show that the number of sea urchin species found on Samboang Beach, Bulukumba Regency is 4 species consisting of Echinometra oblonga, Echinometra mathaei, Echinometra viridis, and Diadema setosum. The sea urchin diversity category is classified as medium, namely 1.25. The dominance index is relatively low, namely 0.31, and the evenness index is relatively stable, namely 0.903.Keywords: diversity, dominance, evenness, sea urchin

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of 70% Ethanol Extract, n-Hexane Fraction, Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Methanol:Water Fraction of Gotu Kola Leaves (Centella asiatica)

This research aims to examine the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of 70% ethanol extract of Centella asiatica leaves and the results of fractionation using 3 types of solvents with different polarities. Centella asiatica leaves were extracted by maceration method, then fractionation and phytochemical screening were carried out. Test the total phenolic content with the Folin Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity with the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The yield of 70% ethanol solvent maceration, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and methanol fraction were 18.782%, 3.05%, 6.19%, 92.46%. Phytochemical screening of 70% ethanol extract of Centella asiatica leaves contains flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids and steroids. The n-hexane fraction contains alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and triterpenoids. The ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids and steroids. The methanol:water fraction contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics and triterpenoids. The total phenolic content test of 70% ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and methanol:water fraction was 12.773 ± 0.479 mg GAE/g, 1.182 ± 0.124 mg GAE/g, 18.334 ± 0.305 mg GAE/g, 10.211 ± 0.247 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and methanol:water fraction with IC50 values of 77.4 ppm, 2122,5 ppm, 45.6 ppm and 126 ppm

Characterization and Identification of Chemical Fungtional Groups in Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Broth with edded Vegetables and Spices

Adding the nutritional content of broth powder without destroying the distinctive taste of the broth can be done using pure mushroom extract and additional vegetables and spices. This study aims to determine the organoleptic characteristics and identify the chemical functional groups of glutamic acid in the best samples of oyster mushroom broth powder added with vegetables and spices. The results of the organoleptic test were tabulated in a table and then analyzed using a descriptive test. The organoleptic characteristics of the best color parameters were in treatment B1 which had a pale white color . The best treatment of aroma, texture, and taste parameters were found in the B2 treatment with a characteristic aroma of typical broth, fine powder texture, and has a distinctive taste of broth. The identification of the functional groups of secondary metabolites using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instrumentation. Identification results with FTIR showed absorption at wave number (cm-1): 3419.74, 2934.62, 1639.56, 1409.70, 1055.55. There is N-H, O-H, C-H, C=O carbonyl group and carboxylic C-O, which identify the presence of amide compound, phenol acid, alkane, aldehydes, amid I and carboxylic acid, which are known as glutamic acid in this sample. Keywords: Organoleptic, Functional Groups Identification, Oyster Mushroom Broth Powder Why only B1 that you mentioned in color parameters

The Effect of The Addition of Mealworm Frass (Tenebrio Molitor) and Molasses on the Increasing of the Proximate Value of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus)

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of mealworm frass and molasses on the proximate value of white oyster mushrooms. This type of research was an experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments with three replications each. Test parameters include water content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber. Proximate data on water content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's follow-up test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that treatment with frass and frass molasses had an effect on water content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat, and a decrease in fiber content. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of mealworm frass and molasses affects the proximate value of the resulting oyster mushrooms.Keywords: White Oyster Mushroom, Flour Caterpillar Frass, Molasses, Proximate

Antioxidant Activities and Bioactive Compound in The Extract of Lobophytum sp.

This study is a descriptive exploratory research that aims to know the activity of soft coral Lobophytum sp. extract as an antioxidant. Sample extraction was done by maceration using methanol. Viscous extract obtained was then partitioned using n-hexane until gained methanol and n-hexane fraction. The chemical compositions of the methanol extract of Lobophytum sp were investigated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. The yield result of soft coral Lobophytum sp. extract is 2,59%. The weight of extract partition result were methanol fraction 8,76 g and n-hexane fraction 1,02 g. Antioxidant activity test using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Ascorbic acid was also used as positive antioxidant control. The percentage of inhibition and IC50 were measured. Antioxidant activity test which gains the best antioxidant activity is methanol fraction then followed by n-hexane fraction, both showed DPPH free radical 50% can be inhibited the activity with IC50 rate in a sequence 16,93 ppm and 30,93 ppm. GC-MS analysis, 50 kinds of chemical composition are identified in the Lobophytum sp. The results showed that the soft coral extracts of Lobophytum sp. has antioxidant activity.Keywords: soft coral (Lobophytum sp), GC-MS, fractions metahol and hexan

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Arabian Lotus Leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) and Bioautography TLC Analysis of Several Pathogenic Bacteria

Bidara arab leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L), contain various potentially health-beneficial compounds, including antibacterial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi L. in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The leaves of Bidara arab were macerated using 70% ethanol, followed by the agar diffusion method to evaluate the antibacterial activity. Subsequently, bioautography analysis using TLC and phytochemical screening of the active extract were conducted. The results of the antibacterial activity test using the ethanolic leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi L. showed antibacterial activity at a concentration of 2 mg/paper disk, with inhibition zone diameters of 19.44 mm for Bacillus subtillis, 17.06 mm for Escherichia coli, 16.32 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 12.96 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 14.50 mm for Salmonella typhi. The TLC-bioautography analysis of the ethanolic leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi L. against Bacillus subtillis exhibited inhibition at Rf 0.96, Escherichia coli at Rf 0.31, Staphylococcus aureus at Rf 0.89, while Salmonella typhi did not show inhibitory activity. Phytochemical screening results indicated that the ethanolic leaf extract of Bidara arab is suspected to contain flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins

Identification and Description of Aquatic Oligochaeta in Sanggau City Canal West Kalimantan

The canals in the center of Sanggau City, West Kalimantan serve as a medium for wastewater which enters the Kapuas River. The density of community activities in this city has caused indications of its canals being polluted by organic and inorganic materials. These contaminants enter the canal continuously, hence its accumulation can change the texture of the substrate/sediment which is the habitat for aquatic Oligochaete. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the types of aquatic Oligochaete in the canals of Sanggau City. The research was conducted from August to September 2020 using the purposive sampling method at five stations, namely Tanjung Sekayam Village, Ilir Kota Village, Beringin Village, and Bunut Village, with three replications at each sampling station. The results showed that aquatic Oligochaete at the canals of Sanggau City consisted of 1 order, 1 family, 2 genera, and 3 species with a total of 1367 individuals. The identified species are Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrilus claparedeianus, and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri.Keywords: Species Identification, Aquatic Oligochaeta, Sanggau City Cana

Keanekaragaman dan Peranan Serangga Pengunjung Pada Tanaman Kacang Panjang di Kecamatan Kerkap Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara Provinsi Bengkulu

This study aims to determine the Diversity and Role of Visitor Insects on Long Bean Plants in Kerkap District, North Bengkulu Regency. The location of this research is in 4 villages in Kerkap District, North Bengkulu Regency. This study uses a direct survey method to the research location which has been carried out in January – February 2022. The method used in this study is a survey method directly to the field while the sampling of insects is by purposive sampling. Based on the results of research that has been carried out on a long bean plantation (Vigna sinensis.L) in Kerkap District, North Bengkulu Regency, it was found that insects belong to 6 orders, 16 families and 26 species. The diversity was to index of visitor insects to obtained from 4 villages in Kerkap District that was categorized as moderate, namely (H') = 1.084. The results of measurements were of ecological factors in long bean plantations in Kerkap District, North Bengkulu Regency that ranged from 28ºC - 37ºC, air humidity ranged from 46% - 69% and light intensity ranged from 1105 Lux - 2846 Lux