3,906 research outputs found
Reunion overseas: introduced wild boars and cultivated orange trees interact in the Brazilian Atlantic forest
Little is known concerning novel interactions between species that typically
interact in their native range but, as a consequence of human activity, are also interacting out of their original
distribution under new ecological conditions. Objective: We investigate the interaction between the orange tree
and wild boar, both of which share Asian origins and have been introduced to the Americas (i.e. the overseas).
Methods: Specifically, we assessed whether i) wild boars consume orange (Citrus sinensis) fruits and seeds
in orchards adjacent to a remnant of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, ii) the orange seeds are viable after passing
through boar’s digestive tract and iii) whether the orange tree may naturalise in the forest remnant assisted by
wild boars. Results: Our camera surveys indicated that wild boar was by far the most frequent consumer of
orange fruits (40.5 % of camera trap-days). A considerable proportion of sown orange seeds extracted from fresh
boar feces emerged seedlings (27.8 %, N = 386) under controlled greenhouse conditions. Further, 37.6 % of sown
seeds (N = 500) in the forest remnant emerged seedlings in July 2015; however, after ~4 years (March 2019)
only 9 seedlings survived (i.e. 4.8 %, N = 188). Finally, 52 sweet orange seedlings were found during surveys
within the forest remnant which is intensively used by wild boars. This study indicates a high potential of boars
to act as effective seed dispersers of the sweet orange. However, harsh competition with native vegetation and
the incidence of lethal diseases, which quickly kill sweet orange trees under non-agricultural conditions, could
seriously limit orange tree establishment in the forest. Conclusions: Our results have important implications not
only because the wild boar could be a vector of potential invasive species, but also because they disperse seeds
of some native species (e.g. the queen palm, Syagrus romanzofiana) in defaunated forests, where large native
seed dispersers are missing; thus, wild boars could exert critical ecological functions lost due to human activityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Light distribution on <i>citrus canopy</i> affects physiological parameters and fruiting pattern
Light interception by the orange tree canopy during flower bud differentiation and subsequent
flowering and fruit setting has been monitored by continuous data recording from 48 silicon
cells distributed in different canopy zones. Two experimental conditions have been tested:
trees artificially shaded by a black nylon net cage, and non-shaded trees. Observations were
made on the total radiation accumulated in the different canopy zones, and they were related
to photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance) flowering and fruiting pattern, and fruit
quality. The different light distribution affected both photosyntesis and stomatal conductance:
in fact, they were both drastically reduced in shaded trees, and a significant decrease was also
found in both shaded and unshaded trees in relation to different canopy zones. A significant
decrease of flowering and fruit setting was found from the top of the canopy to the bottom
and from outside to inside, in relation to the different amount of radiant energy availability.
Finally significant differences were found on fruit quality
Ech b’anel tu vun tiichajil tza’ in ma’l vatzomla tze’ naraaja
The life of an orange tree
Describes the life cycle of a plant from seed to fruit.
AsĂ es mi vida -- Soy una fruta de naranja
Una descripciĂłn del ciclo de vida de una planta desde la semilla hacia la frutahttps://commons.pacificu.edu/helps/1030/thumbnail.jp
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Analysis of full-waveform LiDAR data for classification of an orange orchard scene
Full-waveform laser scanning data acquired with a Riegl LMS-Q560 instrument were used to classify an orange orchard into orange trees, grass and ground using waveform parameters alone. Gaussian decomposition was performed on this data capture from the National Airborne Field Experiment in November 2006 using a custom peak-detection procedure and a trust-region-reflective algorithm for fitting Gauss functions. Calibration was carried out using waveforms returned from a road surface, and the backscattering coefficient c was derived for every waveform peak. The processed data were then analysed according
to the number of returns detected within each waveform and classified into three classes based on pulse width and c. For single-peak waveforms the scatterplot of c versus pulse width was used to distinguish between ground, grass and orange trees. In the case of multiple returns, the relationship between first (or first plus middle) and last return c values was used to separate ground from other targets. Refinement of this classification, and further sub-classification into grass and orange trees was performed using the c versus pulse width scatterplots of last returns. In all cases the separation was carried out using a
decision tree with empirical relationships between the waveform parameters. Ground points were successfully
separated from orange tree points. The most difficult class to separate and verify was grass, but those points in general corresponded well with the grass areas identified in the aerial photography. The overall accuracy reached 91%, using photography and relative elevation as ground truth. The overall accuracy for two classes, orange tree and combined class of grass and ground, yielded 95%. Finally, the backscattering coefficient c of single-peak waveforms was also used to derive reflectance values of the
three classes. The reflectance of the orange tree class (0.31) and ground class (0.60) are consistent with
published values at the wavelength of the Riegl scanner (1550 nm). The grass class reflectance (0.46) falls
in between the other two classes as might be expected, as this class has a mixture of the contributions of
both vegetation and ground reflectance properties
Review of Adam Bede at The Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, Surrey
Gaps in appreciation.
The rash boast of many an English teacher - that Middlemarch is the greatest novel in our language - is enough to put most people off literature for life.
City Limits
Dinah Morris ... played ... has a warm humanity which is a distinct improvement on the preachifying original.
The Staines Informer
Some of our best stories are buried in thick tomes, accessible only to literature students who often fail to appreciate their beauty, or to academics.
Surrey Comet
.... thankless task ... as Seth Bede, the least satisfactory character in the novel
Financial Times
I remember repeatedly falling asleep over the book at university ... [the adapter] sensibly excludes ... many interminable passages of description and lofty authorial comment; and he has unearthed more humour in the novel than I dreamt was possible ... the plot unfolds with a speed which will astonish and delight those who have dawdled laboriously over Miss [ouch!] Eliot\u27s closely-printed pages ... performance as Adam entirely avoids the priggishness of the character on the printed page ... works similar wonders with the Methodist preacher Dinah.
Daily Telegraph
These comments are from reviews of a recent theatre presentation of Adam Bede. It\u27s strange that middlebrow critics (who surely aim to reflect their readers\u27 taste at least as much as their own) think it necessary to apologise for recommending a version of this Victorian classic. I\u27m reminded of the undoubtedly true comment that George Eliot\u27s novels were much read between the Wars regardless of the slump in her literary reputation. For the generations of ordinary readers who have enjoyed and enjoy George Eliot\u27s novels, such old-fashioned and patronising assumptions about common taste raise an eyebrow or a smile. Despite the critics\u27 warnings, shopkeepers in the theatre\u27s locality have had to order extra stock of the novel. I wonder what knowledge and half-knowledge of the book the audiences had had; the elderly folk surrounding me at a matinee knew the plot -seemed long familiar with it
Osajin and Pomiferin, Two Isoflavones Purified from Osage Orange Fruits, Tested for Repellency to the Maize Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
The fruit of the osage orange tree, Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid (Moraceae), has long been thought to be repellent to insects. A preliminary study reported here confirmed repellency of fruit extracts to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Two isoflavones, osajin and pomiferin, were isolated from the mature fruit of M. pomifera in high purity (≥95%). Testing of purified osajin and pomiferin failed to show repellency. Repellency is likely caused by factors other than isoflavones in the fruit
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