138,532 research outputs found
Gas-flow restrictor
Gas flow restrictor is described, consisting of predetermined length and size of capillary tubing to control flow rate of carrier gas into gas chromatograph of flow rate of sample gas into mass spectrometer inlet system. Length and inner diameter of capillary tubing was estimated with mathematical expressions for viscous flow
Orbital evolution under the action of fast interstellar gas flow with non-constant drag coefficient
The acceleration of a spherical dust particle caused by an interstellar gas
flow depends on the drag coefficient which is, for the given particle and flow
of interstellar gas, a specific function of the relative speed of the dust
particle with respect to the interstellar gas. We investigate the motion of a
dust particle in the case when the acceleration caused by the interstellar gas
flow represent a small perturbation to the gravity of a central star. We
present the secular time derivatives of the Keplerian orbital elements of the
dust particle under the action of the acceleration from the interstellar gas
flow for arbitrary orbit orientation. The semimajor axis of the dust particle
is a decreasing function of time for an interstellar gas flow acceleration with
constant drag coefficient and also for such an acceleration with the linearly
variable drag coefficient. The decrease of the semimajor axis is slower for the
interstellar gas flow acceleration with the variable drag coefficient. The
minimal and maximal values of the decrease of the semimajor axis are
determined. In the planar case, when the interstellar gas flow velocity lies in
the orbital plane of the particle, the orbit always approaches the position
with the maximal value of the transversal component of the interstellar gas
flow velocity vector measured at perihelion.
The properties of the orbital evolution derived from the secular time
derivatives are consistent with numerical integrations of the equation of
motion. If the interstellar gas flow speed is much larger than the speed of the
dust particle, then the linear approximation of dependence of the drag
coefficient on the relative speed of the dust particle with respect to the
interstellar gas is usable for practically arbitrary (no close to zero) values
of the molecular speed ratios (Mach numbers).Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 2 equations added in v
Gas flow in barred galaxies
I briefly review the properties of the gas flow in and around the region of
the bar in a disc galaxy and discuss the corresponding inflow and the loci of
star formation. I then review the flow of gas in barred galaxies which have an
additional secondary bar. Finally I discuss the signatures of bars in edge-on
galaxies.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, style file incl., to appear in the proceedings of
an ESO/CTIO/LCO workshop "Stars, Gas and Dust in Galaxies : Exploring the
Links", eds. Alloin, Olsen & Galaz (ASP Conf. Series
Gas flow in barred potentials
We use a Cartesian grid to simulate the flow of gas in a barred Galactic
potential and investigate the effects of varying the sound speed in the gas and
the resolution of the grid. For all sound speeds and resolutions, streamlines
closely follow closed orbits at large and small radii. At intermediate radii
shocks arise and the streamlines shift between two families of closed orbits.
The point at which the shocks appear and the streamlines shift between orbit
families depends strongly on sound speed and resolution. For sufficiently large
values of these two parameters, the transfer happens at the cusped orbit as
hypothesised by Binney et al. over two decades ago. For sufficiently high
resolutions the flow downstream of the shocks becomes unsteady. If this
unsteadiness is physical, as appears to be the case, it provides a promising
explanation for the asymmetry in the observed distribution of CO.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
Low Resistance Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films Deposited by Hot Filament Chemical Vapour Deposition
Polycrystalline diamond thin films with outgrowing diamond (OGD) grains were deposited onto silicon wafers using a hydrocarbon gas (CH4) highly diluted with H2 at low pressure in a hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) reactor with a range of gas flow rates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM showed polycrystalline diamond structure with a random orientation. Polycrystalline diamond films with various textures were grown and (111) facets were dominant with sharp grain boundaries. Outgrowth was observed in flowerish character at high gas flow rates. Isolated single crystals with little openings appeared at various stages at low gas flow rates. Thus, changing gas flow rates had a beneficial influence on the grain size, growth rate and electrical resistivity. CVD diamond films gave an excellent performance for medium film thickness with relatively low electrical resistivity and making them potentially useful in many industrial applications
Systematic study of effect of cross-drafts and nozzle diameter on shield gas coverage
A shield gas flow rate of 15â20 L min21 is typically specified in metal inert gas welding, but is often adjusted to as high as 36 L min21 by welders in practice. Not only is this overuse of shield gas wasteful, but uncontrolled high gas flows can lead to significant turbulence induced porosity in the final weld. There is therefore a need to understand and control the minimum shield gas flow rate used in practical welding where cross-drafts may affect the coverage. Very low gas coverage or no shielding leads to porosity and spatter development in the weld region. A systematic study is reported of the weld quality achieved for a range of shield gas flow rates, cross-draft speeds and nozzle diameters using optical visualisation and numerical modelling to determine the shield gas coverage. As a consequence of the study, the shield gas flow has been reduced to 12 L min21 in production welding, representing a significant process cost saving and reduced environmental impact with no compromise to the final weld quality
Flowmeter measures low gas-flow rates
Positive-displacement flowmeter measures low gas-flow rates by gaging the time required for a slug of mercury to pass between two reference levels in a tube of known volume
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