Residential electricity pricing in China

The paper aims to evaluate the implications of the new residential pricing system in China by examining price and income elasticity of demand by different household types. We use pre-reform annual panel data for 29 provinces over a fourteen year period, from 1998 to 2011, applying feasible generalize least squares models. The price and income elasticities for household sector are -0.412, and 1.476 at nation level, -0.300 and 1.550 in urban areas and -0.522 and 1.093 in rural areas respectively. With regional effects, the price and income elasticities are -0.146 and 1.286 for urban households in coastal provinces and -0.772 and 1.259 for urban households in inland provinces respectively. The empirical results reveal that there is important heterogeneity in the responsiveness to electricity price changes according to household income level and location

Residential electricity pricing in China

The paper aims to evaluate the implications of the new residential pricing system in China by examining price and income elasticity of demand by different household types. We use pre-reform annual panel data for 29 provinces over a fourteen year period, from 1998 to 2011, applying feasible generalize least squares models. The price and income elasticities for household sector are -0.412, and 1.476 at nation level, -0.300 and 1.550 in urban areas and -0.522 and 1.093 in rural areas respectively. With regional effects, the price and income elasticities are -0.146 and 1.286 for urban households in coastal provinces and -0.772 and 1.259 for urban households in inland provinces respectively. The empirical results reveal that there is important heterogeneity in the responsiveness to electricity price changes according to household income level and location

Model of supply restoration of energy consumers by Markov state space models

Rad prikazuje utvrđivanje funkcije gustoće trajanja uspostave napajanja za primjenu Markovljevih modela prostora stanja. Istraživanje uspostave napajanja je provedeno u mreži pod nadležnošću hrvatskog Operatora prijenosnog sustava i Prijenosnog područja Osijek. Na temelju istraživanja procesa uspostave napajanja i utvrđenih parametara distribucije gustoće dan je prijedlog poboljšanog modela uspostave napajanja na sučelju između operatora prijenosa i distribucije. Primjenom ovog modela uspostave napajanja u analizi pouzdanosti značajno se doprinosi kvaliteti rezultata pokazatelja pouzdanosti napajanja korisnika električne energije.The paper presents the determination of a density function of supply restoration duration for the application of Markov state space models. The study of supply restoration was performed in Croatian transmission system operator and transmission area of Osijek. An improved model of the supply restoration at the interface between the transmission and distribution system operator networks is given, based on the research of the supply restoration process and the determined supply restoration distribution density parameters. The use of the proposed model in a reliability analysis significantly contributes to the quality of electricity supply reliability indicators results

Optimal sizing of hybrid renewable systems to improve electricity supply reliability in Iraqi domestic dwellings

his project aims to evaluate wind and solar power availability in Iraq in order to support and design an optimized hybrid renewables system for use in domestic sectors. The unreliable energy supply is one of the main challenges that the residential sector faces in Iraq. This project assessed to what extent the investment in Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is feasible and efficient to overcome the problem of unreliable supply at reasonable cost. Several researchers have tried to assess wind and solar resources in Iraq using low-resolution databases from a limited number of weather stations, but they were unable to produce a comprehensive evaluation of renewable energy in Iraq. This research identified and developed techniques that allow more accurate mapping of wind resources in Iraq than has been possible previously. In addition, the thesis developed a unique technique to optimize the best design of HRES that has sufficient flexibility to deal with various climatic conditions and economic challenges using wind turbines, solar panels, and rechargeable batteries. In order to assess the potential wind power in Iraq, many wind resource evaluation techniques based on the spatial and temporal microscale and mesoscale were reviewed. In addition, the availability of several wind data resources was considered and discussed using observed and estimated data. To evaluate wind resources for the whole of Iraq, a downscaling model using reanalysis data from Modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA) and a land-use map as the basis of the surface roughness map for the whole of the country has been developed. Following this, a power curve model was used to estimate potential wind power production from several types of small wind turbines. The most fundamental techniques were used to evaluate and calculate solar power production. In addition, the most important solar databases were used to evaluate the solar radiation for the whole of Iraq. To evaluate solar resources in Iraq, the most validated solar dataset was employed to evaluate annual solar energy production for the whole of the country. In addition, the hourly solar energy production model based on wind speed and ambient temperature impact (HSEP-WT model) was developed to estimate the hourly solar system output, combining the effects of wind speed with the impact of ambient temperature on cell temperature, aiming to make the solar power evaluation more realistic. The hybrid system, which has multiple renewable technologies, is considered the most useful approach to satisfy energy demand in the residential sector. Accordingly, several methodologies to size and optimize a hybrid system in terms of reliability and cost parameters were reviewed. Consequently, a novel computational model has been designed to size and optimize HRES, which is deemed suitable to maintain supply in domestic properties that suffer continually from unscheduled outages from the national grid. The process of optimization examined several energy flow strategies and economical solutions to decrease the total cost of a project and to increase the reliability of HRES. The results of this thesis have shown, that the downscaling model succeeded in increasing the resolution and accuracy of estimated wind speed and confirmed that the model should be applied, based on the local variables of the boundary layer. In addition, the wind power production demonstrated that the most productive locations in Iraq are concentrated above the water surfaces and the area that extends from central to east and south-east of Iraq. Also, these areas have shown low cost of energy and a payback period lower than eight years. Furthermore, solar power production confirmed that the most productive locations are located in the west of Iraq. Also, most places in Iraq have shown low cost of energy and a short payback period. Finally, the optimized technique for identifying optimal combinations of wind, solar and battery technologies for domestic scale renewable energy provision was developed in an unique design using MATLAB by integrating an on-grid and off-grid system (On-off-grid Op-HRES). This system has been developed to resolve the problem of frequent and unscheduled outage for some hours per day from the national grid. The On-off-grid Op-HRES system is examined according to different scenarios of grid Increasing Block Tariffs (IBT) prices, strategies of energy flow management (discharge and without discharge battery in case of on-grid) and based on different land covers and various weather conditions (wind speed and solar radiation). The On-off-grid Op-HRES system was successful in reducing the cost of energy and increasing the reliability of the system when using HRES in areas that have high wind speed and high solar radiation. In addition, when applying the strategy of non-discharging the storage system when connected to the grid as well as using relatively high electricity prices from the national grid, HRES has shown excellent performance in terms of cost and reliability by reducing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE), Payback Period (PBP), Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Grid Power Absorption Probability (GPAP). Lastly, the availability of wind speed has played an exceptional role in terms of increasing reliability of HRES, even in areas that have low solar radiation

Power Sector Reforms-Effects on Electric Power Supply Reliability and Stability in Nigeria

This study seeks to examine the power sector reforms, effects on electric power supply reliability and stability in Nigeria. The methodology adopted was to review the power sector before and after the reform, effects of the reform on electricity supply, reliability and the expected impact of the proposed models on the Nation’s economy. The major problems affecting the model been pursued especially in a developing country like Nigeria were also examined. The Electric Power Sector has over the past 25 years witnessed a slow and steady decline leading to near complete failure of the system in 1999 at the beginning of the immediate past civilian government. The federal government of Nigeria using National Council on Privatisation (NCP) in 1998 had therefore, embarked on an electric power sector reform program, which gave birth to 18 companies under the auspices of Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). These companies unbundled from the defunct vertically integrated Nigeria Power Authority (NEPA) monopolistic utility are characterised with horizontal structure. In February 2007 government of Nigeria awarded contracts of about $875 million across the country in actualising some of the goals in the power sector reforms. The study opined that if all identified problems militating against NEPA meeting the energy demand of the country is met by the reformed energy sector, in no distant time Nigeria can boost of an Electric Power Industry (EPI) that can meet the needs of its citizen in the 21st century and place the nation as one of the industrialised country in the worl

A Local Capacity Market Providing Local and System-wide Flexibility Services

A large amount of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles will be integrated into future electricity distribution and transmission systems. New flexibility services from distribution network are needed to manage the related challenges. This paper proposes a local flexible capacity market (LFCM) in the distribution network providing system-wide and local flexibility services for transmission (TSO) and distribution system operators (DSO). The TSO and the DSO play the role of buyers, whereas prosumers connected to the distribution network are the sellers. The LFCM consists of three stages. At the first stage, the offers of flexibility sellers are matched with the bids of flexibility buyers aiming to maximize the social welfare of all participants. At the second stage, the accepted flexible capacities are checked by the DSO not to violate the constraints of the local network. The third stage accepts the offers of the sellers based on the results of the previous stage. The results related to the chosen case study demonstrate that the local flexible resources can help the DSO control the voltage and manage periods of congestion. Besides, the owners of the resources can obtain revenues by selling flexibility services while improving electricity supply reliability.©2021 IEEE. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Kerosene subsidies for household lighting in India: what are the impacts?

Kerosene subsidy reform is a key policy concern in India and other developing countries. As kerosene is widely used for lighting in India, any price change will likely have considerable public welfare impacts on the large fraction of the poor who do not have access to reliable electricity supply for lighting. In this study, we assess historic kerosene use for residential lighting across population groups separated by urban/rural, expenditure, and electricity service levels using data from India. Consumption trends are used to inform a service demand model and evaluate how changes in fuel price, electricity connection, and supply reliability influence environmental, health and economic outcomes. We find that users relying on kerosene for supplemental lighting—in combination ('stacked') with electricity—accounted for 64% of residential kerosene consumed for lighting in 2005. Tested scenarios that addressed service needs of supplemental users had the greatest welfare benefits, especially in the future. Scenarios reducing PM2.5 emissions from kerosene lighting can avert between 50 and 300 thousand disability adjusted life years relative to a baseline scenario in 2030. Lighting kerosene is highly price sensitive, resulting in a drop in demand of 97% in a scenario in which current subsidies are phased out by 2030. Deadweight loss of the subsidy in 2005 is estimated at $200–950 million, with three quarters attributable to supplemental kerosene lighting. Support for cleaner lighting technologies not reliant on fossil fuel subsidies would appear to be 'no regrets' or 'co-benefits' options for India, and could be implemented in parallel with subsidy removal

Essays on rising income inequality and quality of life in contemporary China

The primary contribution of the thesis is to propose the idea of collaboration from self efforts and social efforts to promote well-being in the research area of income inequality. The literature merely concerns the effect of income inequality on well-being based on social efforts which reflect on the measurement of income inequality according to social comparison. The thesis argues that this unilateral examination is unable to achieve coherence and unity between theory and empirical structure with respect to individual well-being and its corresponding statistical evidence is likely biased. Hence, the thesis introduces the new two-effort framework which enables a comprehensive and fair evaluation of social efforts such as government assistance and action on the issue of inequality. Through the application of such an idea into the analysis of China’s income inequality, the thesis has the following unprejudiced conclusions. China’s economy has retained strong growth over the past decades. Yet, the road to relieve the parallel outcome of rising income inequality from the robust growth is not optimistic. There is appreciable government policy on living standards in the short run but unfortunately, sustainable government intervention is scarce. This claim is drawn from three investigations of inequality by: i) examining the returns on social efforts and self efforts with respect to income inequality on living standards; ii) the influence of economic opportunity and security on individual income inequality; and iii), a case study of social efforts, government policy, particularly focusing on residential electricity pricing on household life burden

Information and energy policy preferences: a survey experiment on public opinion about electricity pricing reform in rural India

A common argument for the lack of economic reform in developing countries is popular opposition. If current economic policies are dysfunctional, could information about alternatives sway the voters? We examine if a simple argument emphasizing the need to increase electricity prices for improved supply can change public opinion in the case of India’s power sector reforms. The evidence comes from a survey experiment in rural Uttar Pradesh, which is both India’s largest state and has one of the lowest levels of household electrification. As expected, people respond to information about the relationship between electricity pricing, capacity investment, and reliability of supply by increasing their support for higher prices. However, no corresponding increase is observed for privatization of electricity generation. For external validity, we analyze an existing national survey on electricity privatization conducted in 2004/2005, finding patterns that support our argumen