Larger testes are associated with a higher level of polyandry, but a smaller ejaculate volume, across bushcricket species (Tettigoniidae)

While early models of ejaculate allocation predicted that both relative testes and ejaculate size should increase with sperm competition intensity across species, recent models predict that ejaculate size may actually decrease as testes size and sperm competition intensity increase, owing to the confounding effect of potential male mating rate. A recent study demonstrated that ejaculate volume decreased in relation to increased polyandry across bushcricket species, but testes mass was not measured. Here, we recorded testis mass for 21 bushcricket species, while ejaculate ( ampulla) mass, nuptial gift mass, sperm number and polyandry data were largely obtained from the literature. Using phylogenetic-comparative analyses, we found that testis mass increased with the degree of polyandry, but decreased with increasing ejaculate mass. We found no significant relationship between testis mass and either sperm number or nuptial gift mass. While these results are consistent with recent models of ejaculate allocation, they could alternatively be driven by substances in the ejaculate that affect the degree of polyandry and/or by a trade-off between resources spent on testes mass versus non-sperm components of the ejaculate

Competition intensity and fatigue in elite fencing

As yet, no studies have characterised fencing competitions. This was investigated in nine elite male foilists across two competitions, where countermovement jump (CMJ) height, testosterone (T), cortisol (C), alpha-amylase (AA) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), were obtained. Heart rate (HR) was measured throughout competitions and blood lactate (BL) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured post bouts. Average (± SD) scores for RPE, BL and HR (average, max and percentage of time ≥ 80% HRmax) were highest in the knockout bouts compared to poules (8.5 ± 1.3 vs. 5.7 ± 1.3, 3.6 ± 1.0 vs. 3.1 ± 1.4 mmol/L, 171 ± 5 vs. 168 ± 8 bpm, 195 ± 7 vs. 192 ± 7 bpm, 74 vs. 68%) however, only significant (p .05), increased throughout competition and dropped thereafter. While responses of C, AA and IgA showed a tendency to increase during competition and drop thereafter (T and T:C doing the opposite), no significant differences were noted for any analyte. Results suggest that fencing is a high-intensity anaerobic sport, relying on alactic energy sources, however, some bouts evoke BL values of ≥ 4 mmol/L and thus derive energy from anaerobic glycolysis. High HR’s appear possible on account of ample within and between-bout rest. The small competition load associated with fencing competitions may explain the non-significant findings found

Оцінка інтенсивності конкуренції у виноробній промисловості України

Розроблено шкалу оцінки інтенсивності конкуренції у виноробній промисловості України за інтегральним коефіцієнтом. Теоретичний матеріал підкріплено аналізом стану конкуренції між двадцятьма підприємствами виноробства Півдня України. Виділено причини наявного ступеня інтенсивності конкуренції. Ключові слова: конкуренція, інтенсивність, шкала оцінки, виноробна промисловість.Разработана основанная на использовании интегрального коэффициента шкала оценки интенсивности конкуренции в винодельческой промышленности Украины. Приведен анализ состояния конкуренции между двадцатью предприятиями виноделия Юга Украины. Выделены причины существующей степени интенсивности конку¬ренции. Ключевые слова: конкуренция, интенсивность, шкала оценки, винодельческая промышленность.Based on an integral factor, the scale of the competition intensity estimation for the wine-making industry of Ukraine was developed. The paper ana¬ly-zes the state of competition between twenty winemaking enterprises situated in the south of Ukraine. The reasons for the current level of competition intensity are emphasized. Keywords: competition, intensity, scale of estimation, wine-making industry

Analyzing Modes of Foreign Entry

This paper studies the entry decision of a multinational enterprise into a foreign market. Two alternative entry modes for a foreign direct investment are considered: Greenfield investment versus acquisition. In contrast to existing approaches, the acquisition price and the profits under both entry modes are endogenously determined. Interestingly, we find that the optimal entry mode decision is a ected by the competition intensity in the market in a non-monotonic way. When markets are very much or very little competitive, greenfield investment is the optimal entry mode, while for intermediate values it is acquisition

Determinants of local responsiveness of FMNCS in mainland China

Recent regulations, associated with China’s accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO), specifically Decree 113 and Decree 114, have largely changed the situation for foreign multinational construction companies (FMNCs) operating in mainland China. A field investigation has identified that local responsiveness is critical for FMNCs to survive and develop in the complicated and uncertain Chinese construction industry. Government policy, China-specific construction industrial factors and increasing competition intensity imposed by local competitors are recognized as the major determinants driving local responsiveness of FMNCs. This study has also examined that localisation of internal resources, establishment of local networks and cooperation or strategic alliances with local contractors and design institutes are the key local adaptation strategies for FMNCs operating in mainland China

Analyzing Modes of Foreign Entry

This paper studies the entry decision of a multinational enterprise into a foreign market. Two alternative entry modes for a foreign direct investment are considered: Greenfield investment versus acquisition. In contrast to existing approaches, the acquisition price and the profits under both entry modes are endogenously determined. Interestingly, we find that the optimal entry mode decision is a ected by the competition intensity in the market in a non-monotonic way. When markets are very much or very little competitive, greenfield investment is the optimal entry mode, while for intermediate values it is acquisition.Foreign direct investment ; multinational enterprise ; greenfield investment ; acquisition ; transition economies

External knowledge diversity, competition intensity and innovation performance in logistics: implications for less versus more innovative industries

Purpose: This paper analyzes the association of searching diversely as a strategy to capture external knowledge and that of competition intensity with innovation in logistics. Secondly it studies how these associations interact by examining whether they intensify or mitigate one another when jointly occur. Thirdly, it is explored whether correlations of search diversity, competition intensity and their interaction effect with logistics innovation demonstrate differences in their strength depending on logistics innovativeness of target industries. Design/methodology/approach: By discriminating between diversifying and expanding search scope, a new search mode is identified which is more precise in examining diversity of acquired external knowledge in comparison to search breadth. External search diversity is formulated based on a classification of external sources according to similarities in their knowledge supply. Quantile regression is applied for the purpose of this study due to its ability in estimating different models in different quantiles of the response variable. Findings: While positive trends are found for both antecedents, their mutual occurrence partially mitigates their individual positive relations with logistics innovation. All correlations demonstrate dynamic patterns. The strength of these correlations varies between industries with low logistics innovation rates compared to the ones with higher rates. Search diversity illustrates its highest correlation in the least innovative industries whereases competition intensity contributes the most to logistics innovation, in higher innovative ones. Their interaction effect exhibits similar patterns to those of search diversity. Originality: The role of external knowledge management in logistics innovation and its interaction with competition intensity as a synergetic antecedent is studied for the first time in this paper in the open innovation framework

A discriminant model for measuring competition intensity of construction market

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Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Intensitas Modal, dan Persaingan Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan

This study aims to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Capital Intensity, and Competition Intensity on Tax Aggressiveness. The sample used is manufacturing companies listed on the BEI in the 2014-2017 period. Based on the purposive sampling method, there are 29 companies that become the study sample. Multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS 23 program was used to analyze the data of this study. The results showed that CSR had no effect on tax aggressiveness. Capital intensity has a negative effect on tax aggressiveness, while competition intensity has a positive effect on tax aggressiveness. Keywords: CSR; Capital Intensity; Competition; Tax Agressiveness