Research progress in ultrasound use for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases

Cerebrovascular diseases pose a serious threat to human survival and quality of life and represent a major cause of human death and disability. Recently, the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases has increased yearly. Rapid and accurate diagnosis and evaluation of cerebrovascular diseases are of great importance to reduce the incidence, morbidity and mortality of cerebrovascular diseases. With the rapid development of medical ultrasound, the clinical relationship between ultrasound imaging technology and the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases has become increasingly close. Ultrasound techniques such as transcranial acoustic angiography, doppler energy imaging, three-dimensional craniocerebral imaging and ultrasound thrombolysis are novel and valuable techniques in the study of cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, we introduce some of the new ultrasound techniques from both published studies and ongoing trials that have been confirmed to be convenient and effective methods. However, additional evidence from future studies will be required before some of these techniques can be widely applied or recommended as alternatives

The roles of endoglin gene in cerebrovascular diseases.

Endoglin (ENG, also known as CD105) is a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) associated receptor and is required for both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is important in the development of cerebral vasculature and in the pathogenesis of cerebral vascular diseases. ENG is an essential component of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation complex. Animal studies showed that ENG deficiency impairs stroke recovery. ENG deficiency also impairs the regulation of vascular tone, which contributes to the pathogenesis of brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) and vasospasm. In human, functional haploinsufficiency of ENG gene causes type I hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT1), an autosomal dominant disorder. Compared to normal population, HHT1 patients have a higher prevalence of AVM in multiple organs including the brain. Vessels in bAVM are fragile and tend to rupture, causing hemorrhagic stroke. High prevalence of pulmonary AVM in HHT1 patients are associated with a higher incidence of paradoxical embolism in the cerebral circulation causing ischemic brain injury. Therefore, HHT1 patients are at risk for both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. This review summarizes the possible mechanism of ENG in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases in experimental animal models and in patients

Time series study on the effect of low air pollution level NO2 On the death of residents from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases

Objective: To explore the impact of low-level atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi City, so as to provide scientific basis for locating sensitive populations and formulating population health policiesmethods the monitoring of air pollutants, meteorological factors and death data of residents from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi City from 2015 to 2018 were collected. The generalized additive model based on Poisson distribution was used to analyze the impact of low air pollution level NO2 on the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi City, and subgroup analysis was carried out on age, gender and seasonresults the average concentrations of major gaseous pollutants in Enshi from 2015 to 2018 were NO2 (21.40 μg/m3), sulfur dioxide (so, 9.68 μg/m3). Carbon oxide (CO, 0.88 mg/m3) and ozone (O, 61.21 μg/m3). The results of single pollutant model analysis show that every increase of NO2 concentration in the total population μg/m, the risk of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases on the same day (lag0) will increase by 0.33% (-0.06%~0.72%) (P>0.05); In the female population, every 1% increase in NO2 concentration μg/m, the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases with cumulative lag of 1 day (lag01) will increase by 0.92% (0.26%~1.56%) (P < 0.05); In the cold season, every increase of NO2 concentration μg/m, the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in the whole population on the same day (lag0) will increase by 0.62% (0.12%~1.12%) (P < 0.05). The results of the two pollutant model show that after controlling other gaseous pollutants (SO2, Co or O3), the impact of NO2 on the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women and the whole population in cold season still exists. Conclusion: Low pollution level of NO2 in Enshi City will increase the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among women and the whole population in cold season. Attention should be paid to the health protection of special populations in low pollution areas and in special seasons

Clinical practice guidelines of remote ischemic conditioning for the management of cerebrovascular diseases

Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) using transient limb ischemia and reperfusion has been shown in small clinical studies to reduce myocardial injury and infarction in cardiac patients, although larger clinical outcome studies have been neutral. Experimental and emerging clinical studies have also reported beneficial effects of limb RIC in a number of different settings of cerebrovascular disease including stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), carotid artery stenosis, intracranial artery stenosis, aneurysms, small vessel disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. Although limb RIC has many advantages, in that it is non-invasive, easy to administer, relatively innocuous, cost-effective, has few or no contraindications, and may be deployed under various circumstances (e.g., home, ambulance, and hospital), several questions remain regarding its clinical application for cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, in this document, we aim to provide practicing clinicians with a coherent synthesis of the latest scientific evidence, and we propose several recommendations to help facilitate the clinical application of limb RIC for the management of cerebrovascular disease

New Insight into Cerebrovascular Diseases

“Brain circulation is a true road map that consists of large extended navigation territories and a number of unimagined and undiscovered routes.” Dr. Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi This book combines an update on the review of cerebrovascular diseases in the form of textbook chapters, which has been carefully reviewed by Dr. Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi, Drs. Rufai Ahmad and Auwal Abdullahi and Dr. Amit Agrawal, high-performance academic editors with extensive experience in neurodisciplines, including neurology, neurosurgery, neuroscience, and neuroradiology, covering the best standards of neurological practice involving basic and clinical aspects of cerebrovascular diseases. Each topic was carefully revised and prepared using smooth, structured vocabulary, plus superb graphics and scientific illustrations. In emphasizing the most common aspects of cerebrovascular diseases: stroke burden, pathophysiology, hemodynamics, diagnosis, management, repair, and healing, the book is comprehensive but concise and should become the standard reference guide for this neurological approach

Microbial risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: potential therapeutic options

Infection and inflammation may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This hypothesis is supported by an increasing number of reports on the interaction between chronic infection, inflammation, and atherogenesis. Assessment of serological and inflammatory markers of infection may be useful adjuncts in identifying those patients who are at a higher risk of developing vascular events, and in whom more aggressive treatments might be warranted

Hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases are related to corneal endothelial insufficiency — a retrospective study

Background: Corneal endothelium has an important role on the clarity of the cornea. Cataract surgery may cause corneal endothelial damages and serious vision problems. In this study, we aimed to investigate hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, and trauma in patients who developed corneal endothelial insufficiency (CEI) after cataract surgery. Material and methods: The study was performed in the Department of Ophthalmology in Adana Ortadogu Hospital between October 2017 and October 2018. 24 patients who developed CEI after cataract surgery and 24 patients who did not develop CEI after cataract surgery were included to the study. Eye trauma, systemic hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases were investigated in the patients’ own history. The findings were compared statistically. Results: The percent of cerebrovascular diseases was 54.2% in patients with CEI and 16.6% in patients without CEI. 58.3% of the patients with CEI had a systemic hypertension history. Hypertension was presented in 25% of the patients who did not develop CEI. The rate of trauma history in patients with CEI was 29.2% and 12.5% in those without CEI. The history of cerebrovascular disease and hypertension were significantly higher in patients with CEI. Conclusion: Hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases appeared to be linked with CEI

The Effects of Caffeine on Health: The Benefits Outweigh the Risks

This literature review examines the relationship between caffeine and various health effects. This paper will review the research on health risks related to caffeine consumption and weigh the balance between the risks and benefits that caffeine can provide. Although there are several risks correlated with caffeine consumption, this literature review highlights how the benefits may offset any potentials risks. The main benefits that will be discussed are enhancing physical performance, alertness, pain relief, reducing cognitive impairment, hydration, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases