Assessing and improving an approach to delay-tolerant networking

Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) is a term invented to describe and encompass all types of long-delay, disconnected, disrupted or intermittently-connected networks, where mobility and outages or scheduled contacts may be experienced. 'DTN' is also used to refer to the Bundle Protocol, which has been proposed as the one unifying solution for disparate DTN networking scenarios, after originally being designed solely for use in deep space for the 'Interplanetary Internet.' We evaluated the Bundle Protocol by testing it in space and on the ground. We have found architectural weaknesses in the Bundle Protocol that may prevent engineering deployment of this protocol in realistic delay-tolerant networking scenarios, and have proposed approaches to address these weaknesses.Comment: 2 pages; First Annual CCSR Research Symposium (CRS 2011), Centre for Communication Systems Research, 30 June 201

Effect of Designed Bundle Protocol about Ventilator Associated Pneumonia on Nurses' Performance, Compliance, and Patient Outcomes

Context: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is considered one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality due to nosocomial infections among ventilated patients. Aim: To evaluate the effect of a designed bundle protocol about ventilator-associated pneumonia on nurses' performance, compliance, and patient outcomes. Methods: The study employed the quasi-experimental research (pre/post-test) (study/control) design. This study was conducted at the intensive care unit of Benha University Hospital. A convenience sample of 50 critical care nurses and a purposive sample of 66 patients were enrolled in the current study. Three tools were used to collect data. Nurses' knowledge assessment questionnaire; nurses' practice assessment checklist; The VAP bundle compliance checklist; and patient outcomes assessment record. Results: Statistically significant improvement in total knowledge and practice mean scores post implementing a designed bundle protocol compared to pre-implementing a designed bundle protocol at p <0.001. Also, there was a statistically significant improvement in nurses’ compliance with a highly statistically significant difference between nurses’ compliance with practices of VAP bundle pre-and post designed bundle protocol implementation. Immediately after a designed bundle protocol implementation, the study group patients exhibited a statistically significant difference between all clinical pulmonary infection scores items except for oxygenation status and radiographic findings. Conclusion: The study group nurses who received designed bundle protocol training would get improved knowledge, practices, and compliance scores than pre-designed bundle protocol training. Also, the study group of patients who were cared for by trained nurses on the designed bundle protocol would get better outcomes such as a better score of CPIS, shorter length of stay in the intensive care unit, less duration on mechanical ventilation compared to the control group who received routine hospital nursing care. The study recommended replication of the study using a large probability sample from a different geographical area to allow for greater generalization of the results

Experience with Delay-Tolerant Networking from Orbit

We describe the first use from space of the Bundle Protocol for Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) and lessons learned from experiments made and experience gained with this protocol. The Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), constructed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), is a multiple-satellite Earth-imaging low-Earth-orbit sensor network in which recorded image swaths are stored onboard each satellite and later downloaded from the satellite payloads to a ground station. Store-and-forward of images with capture and later download gives each satellite the characteristics of a node in a disruption-tolerant network. Originally developed for the Interplanetary Internet, DTNs are now under investigation in an Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) DTN research group (RG), which has developed a bundle architecture and protocol. The DMC is technically advanced in its adoption of the Internet Protocol (IP) for its imaging payloads and for satellite command and control, based around reuse of commercial networking and link protocols. These satellites use of IP has enabled earlier experiments with the Cisco router in Low Earth Orbit (CLEO) onboard the constellation s UK-DMC satellite. Earth images are downloaded from the satellites using a custom IP-based high-speed transfer protocol developed by SSTL, Saratoga, which tolerates unusual link environments. Saratoga has been documented in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for wider adoption. We experiment with the use of DTNRG bundle concepts onboard the UK-DMC satellite, by examining how Saratoga can be used as a DTN convergence layer to carry the DTNRG Bundle Protocol, so that sensor images can be delivered to ground stations and beyond as bundles. Our practical experience with the first successful use of the DTNRG Bundle Protocol in a space environment gives us insights into the design of the Bundle Protocol and enables us to identify issues that must be addressed before wider deployment of the Bundle Protocol. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS: Internet; UK-DMC; satellite; Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN); Bundle Protoco

Impact of A Designed Skin Care Bundle Protocol on Nurse’s Knowledge, Practices and on Patients Outcomes at Intensive Care Unit

Pressure ulcers can affect patients in every healthcare setting and are seen in all age groups. Not only are they costly in terms of patients’ quality of life, but they also place a huge drain on health service resources.Presure ulcers represent a major problem both for affected patients and for the nurses who care for these patients. The present study aimed to examine the impact of a designed skin care bundle protocol on nurse’s knowledge, practices and on patients outcomes at both Benha university and Benha teaching hospital.Quasi experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study on (60) nurses working in the intensive care units at both Benha university and Benha teaching hospital, in addition to 60 patients admitted to these units  were included in the current study. The study subjects were randomly assigned into two equally homogeneous groups (control and study ) (30 subjects each).Three tools were used for data collection: knowledge questionnaire sheet, observational checklist and patient assessment sheet that  include Scio demographic data related to patients, Braden scale and designed skin care bundle sheet. Results: All research hypothesis were supported , the present study revealed that (a) The mean total and subtotal knowledge scores of  nurses were  increased immediately after implementation of a designed skin care bundle protocol with statistical significant difference compared to pre implementation. (b) The mean total and subtotal practice scores of nurses were higher immediately after a designed skin care bundle protocol with a high statistical significant difference compared to pre implementation.(c) There were a positive correlation between nurses knowledge and practices with a high statistical significant difference.(d)There were a positive patients outcomes as evidence by less incidence of pressure ulcers among study group compared by control group subjects. Conclusion: The designed skin care bundle protocol could be beneficial in improving the knowledge and the practices of the critical care nurses working in critical care unit as well on patient’s outcome in relation to prevention of pressure ulcer  at the intensive care unit. Recommendations: The present study emphasized on empowering staff nurses to provide skin care bundle protocol and identifying risk assessment. As well, planning staff development programs based on staff,organization,and patient needs. Key words: Impact, designed, skin care bundle, protocol, knowledge, practices, outcomes

Impact of A Designed Skin Care Bundle Protocol on Nurse’s Knowledge, Practices and on Patients Outcomes at Intensive Care Unit

Pressure ulcers can affect patients in every healthcare setting and are seen in all age groups. Not only are they costly in terms of patients’ quality of life, but they also place a huge drain on health service resources.Presure ulcers represent a major problem both for affected patients and for the nurses who care for these patients. The present study aimed to examine the impact of a designed skin care bundle protocol on nurse’s knowledge, practices and on patients outcomes at both Benha university and Benha teaching hospital.Quasi experimental research design was adopted to conduct the study on (60) nurses working in the intensive care units at both Benha university and Benha teaching hospital, in addition to 60 patients admitted to these units  were included in the current study. The study subjects were randomly assigned into two equally homogeneous groups (control and study ) (30 subjects each).Three tools were used for data collection: knowledge questionnaire sheet, observational checklist and patient assessment sheet that  include Scio demographic data related to patients, Braden scale and designed skin care bundle sheet. Results: All research hypothesis were supported , the present study revealed that (a) The mean total and subtotal knowledge scores of  nurses were  increased immediately after implementation of a designed skin care bundle protocol with statistical significant difference compared to pre implementation. (b) The mean total and subtotal practice scores of nurses were higher immediately after a designed skin care bundle protocol with a high statistical significant difference compared to pre implementation.(c) There were a positive correlation between nurses knowledge and practices with a high statistical significant difference.(d)There were a positive patients outcomes as evidence by less incidence of pressure ulcers among study group compared by control group subjects. Conclusion: The designed skin care bundle protocol could be beneficial in improving the knowledge and the practices of the critical care nurses working in critical care unit as well on patient’s outcome in relation to prevention of pressure ulcer  at the intensive care unit. Recommendations: The present study emphasized on empowering staff nurses to provide skin care bundle protocol and identifying risk assessment. As well, planning staff development programs based on staff,organization,and patient needs. Key words: Impact, designed, skin care bundle, protocol, knowledge, practices, outcomes

Interplanetary Overlay Network Bundle Protocol Implementation

The Interplanetary Overlay Network (ION) system's BP package, an implementation of the Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) Bundle Protocol (BP) and supporting services, has been specifically designed to be suitable for use on deep-space robotic vehicles. Although the ION BP implementation is unique in its use of zero-copy objects for high performance, and in its use of resource-sensitive rate control, it is fully interoperable with other implementations of the BP specification (Internet RFC 5050). The ION BP implementation is built using the same software infrastructure that underlies the implementation of the CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) built into the flight software of Deep Impact. It is designed to minimize resource consumption, while maximizing operational robustness. For example, no dynamic allocation of system memory is required. Like all the other ION packages, ION's BP implementation is designed to port readily between Linux and Solaris (for easy development and for ground system operations) and VxWorks (for flight systems operations). The exact same source code is exercised in both environments. Initially included in the ION BP implementations are the following: libraries of functions used in constructing bundle forwarders and convergence-layer (CL) input and output adapters; a simple prototype bundle forwarder and associated CL adapters designed to run over an IPbased local area network; administrative tools for managing a simple DTN infrastructure built from these components; a background daemon process that silently destroys bundles whose time-to-live intervals have expired; a library of functions exposed to applications, enabling them to issue and receive data encapsulated in DTN bundles; and some simple applications that can be used for system checkout and benchmarking

DIP: Disruption-Tolerance for IP

Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN) have been a popular subject of recent research and development. These networks are characterized by frequent, lengthy outages and a lack of contemporaneous end-to-end paths. In this work we discuss techniques for extending IP to operate more effectively in DTN scenarios. Our scheme, Disruption Tolerant IP (DIP) uses existing IP packet headers, uses the existing socket API for applications, is compatible with IPsec, and uses familiar Policy-Based Routing techniques for network management

DTN7: An Open-Source Disruption-tolerant Networking Implementation of Bundle Protocol 7

In disruption-tolerant networking (DTN), data is transmitted in a store-carry-forward fashion from network node to network node. In this paper, we present an open source DTN implementation, called DTN7, of the recently released Bundle Protocol Version 7 (draft version 13). DTN7 is written in Go and provides features like memory safety and concurrent execution. With its modular design and interchangeable components, DTN7 facilitates DTN research and application development. Furthermore, we present results of a comparative experimental evaluation of DTN7 and other DTN systems including Serval, IBR-DTN, and Forban. Our results indicate that DTN7 is a flexible and efficient open-source multi-platform implementation of the most recent Bundle Protocol Version 7.Comment: 18th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless (AdHoc-Now 2019

MADServer: An Architecture for Opportunistic Mobile Advanced Delivery

Rapid increases in cellular data traffic demand creative alternative delivery vectors for data. Despite the conceptual attractiveness of mobile data offloading, no concrete web server architectures integrate intelligent offloading in a production-ready and easily deployable manner without relying on vast infrastructural changes to carriers’ networks. Delay-tolerant networking technology offers the means to do just this. We introduce MADServer, a novel DTN-based architecture for mobile data offloading that splits web con- tent among multiple independent delivery vectors based on user and data context. It enables intelligent data offload- ing, caching, and querying solutions which can be incorporated in a manner that still satisfies user expectations for timely delivery. At the same time, it allows for users who have poor or expensive connections to the cellular network to leverage multi-hop opportunistic routing to send and receive data. We also present a preliminary implementation of MADServer and provide real-world performance evaluations