Bioaccumulation Dynamic of Heavy Metals in Oreochromis Nilotycus (Predicted Through a Bioaccumulation Modelcontructed Based on Biotic Ligand Model (Blm))

In estuarine ecosystem, sediments are not only functioning as heavy metal scavenger, but also as one of potential sources for heavy metals to the ecosystem. Due the capability of aquatic organisms to accumulate heavy metals, there is possibility of heavy metals to exert their toxic effect towards the organisms and other organisms positioned in hegher trophic level, such as fish, and further to human beings. To understand the different processes of heavy metal bioaccumulation in a dynamic manner, a bioaccumulation model is required. Since bioaccumulation starts with the uptake of chemical across a biological membrane, the bioaccumulation model was constructed based on Biotic Ligand Model (BLM).The input for the model was determined from laboratory scale simulated estuarine ecosystem of sediment-brackish water (seawater:Aqua® 1:1) for determining the heavy metal fractions in sediments; simulated Oreochromis nilotycus – brackish water (fish-water) ecosystem for determining the rate constant; simulated fish-water-sediment ecosystem for evaluating the closeness between model-predicted and measured concentration, routes and distribution within specific internal organs.From these bioaccumulation studies, it was confirmed that the internalization of metals into the cells of gills and internal epithelias follows similar mechanisms, and governed mostly by the waterborne or hydrophilic heavy metals. The level of hydrophilic heavy metals are determined by desorption equilibrium coefficients, 1/KD, and influenced by salinity. Physiologically, the essential Cu and Zn body burden in Oreochromis nilotycus are tightly homeostasis regulated, shown as decreasing uptake efficiency factor, Ew, at higher exposure concentrations, while non essential Cd and Hg were less or not regulated. From the distribution within specific internal organs, it was revealed that carcass was more relevant in describing the bioaccumulation condition than liver.It is clear that every heavy metal has its own bioaccumulation dynamic, depend to the metal studied and environmetal conditions, however the obtained parameters are applicable to bioaccumulation of Cd and Hg in natural estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anaka, Central Java

Bioaccumulation Pattern of Cadmium and Lead in the Head Capsule and Body Muscle of Clarias gariepinus [Burchell, 1822] Exposed to Paint Emulsion Effluent

The toxicity of Sub-lethal concentrations of effluents from a paint emulsion industry were investigated on African catfish Clarias gariepinus in order to determine the bioaccumulation pattern of two heavy metals i.e., Lead and Cadmium in the Head capsule and Body muscle using a renewable static bioassay. The trend of bioconcentration of metals in the head capsule and muscle of the test organisms differs significantly (phead capsule. In the muscle, the highest bioaccumulation of lead was 0.4680 mg/L while the least was 0.0660 mg/L. Cadmium bioaccumulation in the head had the highest value to be 2.0424 mg/L while the lowest value was 0.0101 mg/L. In the head capsule on the other hand, the highest accumulation of lead was found to be 0.3918 mg/L while its lowest value was 0.1677 mg/L. The highest value for cadmium in the head capsule was 2.0249 mg/L while its lowest was 0.0058 mg/L. It was revealed in the study that fish can bioaccumulate heavy metals from a polluted environment, which often result in reduction or impairment of natural population size and could be a veritable source of these metals to man. Therefore corrective measures should be taken to avoid pollution of this sort in the environment

Heavy metal bioaccumulation by the important food plant, olea europaea L., in an ancient metalliferous polluted area of Cyprus

Aspects of the bioaccumulation of heavy metals are reviewed and possible evidence of homeostasis is highlighted. Examination and analysis of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees growing in close proximity to a copper dominated spoil tip dating from at least 2000 years BP, on the island of Cyprus, revealed both bioaccumulation and partitioning of copper, lead and zinc in various parts of the tree. A factor to quantify the degree of accumulation is illustrated and a possible seed protective mechanism suggested

Appraisal of Heavy Metal Concentration in the Plants and Soils at Onitsha, Anambra State, Southeastern, Nigeria

Present investigation was ventured to examine the mobility, bioaccumulation and transfer of the heavy metals; Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, As and Fe from analyzed plant roots tissues to shoots tissues using bioaccumulation factor (BAF), enrichment factor (EF) and translocation factor (TF) in the Onitsha, Southeastern, Nigeria. The analyzed plant species were sampled from dumpsites, mechanic workshop, abattoir, traffic, and mining sites. Current results indicated that concentrations of the examined metals in the root and shoot tissues of these plant species obtained from dumpsites exceeded those collected from mining sites and mechanic workshops. Bioaccumulation factor and enrichment factor values in Brachiaria decumbens, Acacia modesta and Minuaria verna species were above 1, indicating that these plants mighty be regarded as trace metals accumulators with potential for phytostabilization and phytoextraction. The ranking order of bioaccumulation factor for the analyzed heavy metals was Zn > Fe > Pb > Mn > As > Cd. Translocation factor values for Cr, Mn and Cu was higher than 1 by Acacia modesta and xanthium strumarium, indicating that the uptake and accumulation of these metals were higher in the shoot tissues rather than root tissues of the tested plant species. Keywords: Onitsha; Bioaccumulation factor (BAF); Enrichment factor (EF); Translocation factor (TF); Heavy metals. DOI: 10.7176/JEES/13-4-06 Publication date:June 30th 202

BIOACCUMULATION DYNAMIC OF HEAVY METALS IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTYCUS (Predicted Through A Bioaccumulation Modelcontructed Based On Biotic Ligand Model (BLM))

In estuarine ecosystem, sediments are not only functioning as heavy metal scavenger, but also as one of potential sources for heavy metals to the ecosystem. Due the capability of aquatic organisms to accumulate heavy metals, there is possibility of heavy metals to exert their toxic effect towards the organisms and other organisms positioned in hegher trophic level, such as fish, and further to human beings. To understand the different processes of heavy metal bioaccumulation in a dynamic manner, a bioaccumulation model is required. Since bioaccumulation starts with the uptake of chemical across a biological membrane, the bioaccumulation model was constructed based on Biotic Ligand Model (BLM).The input for the model was determined from laboratory scale simulated estuarine ecosystem of sediment-brackish water (seawater:Aqua® 1:1) for determining the heavy metal fractions in sediments; simulated Oreochromis nilotycus – brackish water (fish-water) ecosystem for determining the rate constant; simulated fish-water-sediment ecosystem for evaluating the closeness between model-predicted and measured concentration, routes and distribution within specific internal organs.From these bioaccumulation studies, it was confirmed that the internalization of metals into the cells of gills and internal epithelias follows similar mechanisms, and governed mostly by the waterborne or hydrophilic heavy metals. The level of hydrophilic heavy metals are determined by desorption equilibrium coefficients, 1/KD, and influenced by salinity. Physiologically, the essential Cu and Zn body burden in Oreochromis nilotycus are tightly homeostasis regulated, shown as decreasing uptake efficiency factor, Ew, at higher exposure concentrations, while non essential Cd and Hg were less or not regulated. From the distribution within specific internal organs, it was revealed that carcass was more relevant in describing the bioaccumulation condition than liver.It is clear that every heavy metal has its own bioaccumulation dynamic, depend to the metal studied and environmetal conditions, however the obtained parameters are applicable to bioaccumulation of Cd and Hg in natural estuarine ecosystem of Segara Anaka, central java.  Keywords : heavy metal, estuarine, bioaccumulation, model, dynamic

Possible Changes in Heavy metals Bioaccumulation in Fish Liver in selected Rivers of Ebonyi state

This study examined possible changes in fish liver caused by heavy metals bioaccumulation in selected rivers of Ebonyi State. The livers of sampled fishes were dissected and cleaned with HNO3 and washed with de-ionized water, dried at 1050C for about 12 hours. Samples for metal bioaccumulation were taken from each fish and delivered for analyses at 11TA laboratory. Data collected were subjected to line graphs analysis. The result showed a considerable fluctuation of cadmium in varying magnitudes. Chromium bioaccumulation varied in fish liver from month to month and increased as age of fish increased. Mkpuma fish liver showed highest lead bioaccumulation from 10.5 – 24.5ppm followed by Ameka Dam 10.8 – 9.6ppm with the two controls lying between the ranges of 5.0 – 9.6ppm. Arsenic accumulation in the liver of fishes harvested from the five locations showed bioaccumulation from April to December before encroachment. This dropped as encroachment took place between January – March 2011 and took the same trend in 2012 with the exception of Mkpuma fish liver that did not witness any encroachment. Among the recommendations of the researcher was that; there should be periodic monitoring of the rivers to avoid waste disposal which could lead to heavy metals bioaccumulation.keywords: heavy, metals, bioaccumulation, fish, river, live

Differential bioaccumulation of heavy metals in selected biomarkers of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) exposed to chemical additives effluent

The toxicity of Sublethal concentrations of chemical additives effluents were investigated on African catfish Clarias gariepinus using a renewable static bioassay. The trend of bioconcentration of metals in the gut, liver, gills and kidney of the test organisms differs significantly (p < 0.05) and it followed the order, liver> gill >gut > muscle. The result revealed that the liver had Ni concentration of 0.0046 mg/L and 16.1208 mg/L of magnesium as the highest. In the muscle, Ni was not bioaccumulated (0.0000 mg/L) while the highest magnesium concentration of 10.7345 mg/L was recorded. The gill had the least concentration of 0.0010 mg/L for Cu while the highest concentration recorded for Mg was 12.6797 mg/L. The gut had Mn concentration of 0.0401 mg/L and Mg concentration of 14.5001mg/L. It was revealed that fish can bioaccumulate heavy metals from a polluted environment, which may result in reduction or impairment of natural population size and could be a risk to consumers. Consumption of fish from polluted environment should be discouraged

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN THE PROCESS OF RESISTANCE OF HEAVY METALS IN THE ABANDONED MINING AREA OF SIDI KAMBER, SKIKDA, ALGERIA

Mining activities produce large quantities of wastes which are highly contaminated with heavy metals. This can cause adverse effects on natural ecosystems, particularly on living organisms. The study reported here concerned the biomonitoring of pollution in the Sidi Kamber mining area, through the determination of various physiological mechanisms (bioaccumulation and translocation) and biochemical markers (chlorophyll (a) and (b), proline, total sugars and total proteins) active in resistance to heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) contamination, using three plant species Cistus monspeliensis, Rumex bucephalophorus and Verbascum sinuatum as bioindicators

Bioaccumulation surveillance in Milford Haven Waterway

Biomonitoring of contaminants (metals, organotins, PAHs, PCBs) was carried out along the Milford Haven Waterway (MHW) and at a reference site in the Tywi Estuary during 2007-2008. The species used as bioindicators encompass a variety of uptake routes - Fucus vesiculosus (dissolved contaminants); Littorina littorea (grazer); Mytilus edulis and Cerastoderma edule (suspension feeders); and Nereis diversicolor (omnivore which often reflects contaminants in sediment). Differences in feeding strategy and habitat preference have subtle implications for bioaccumulation trends though, with few exceptions, contaminant body burdens in Milford Haven (MH) were higher than those at the Tywi reference site, reflecting inputs. Elevated concentrations of metals were occasionally observed at individual MH sites, whilst As and Se (molluscs and seaweed) were, for much of MHW, consistently at the higher end of the UK range. However, for the majority of metals, distributions in MH biota were not exceptional by UK standards. Several metal-species combinations indicated increases in bioavailability at upstream sites, which may reflect the influence of geogenic or other land-based sources – perhaps enhanced by lower salinity (greater proportions of more bioavailable forms). TBT levels in MH mussels were below OSPAR toxicity thresholds and in the Tywi were close to zero. Phenyltins were not accumulated appreciably in Mytilus, whereas some Nereis populations may have been subjected to localized (historical) sources. PAHs in Nereis tended to be evenly distributed across most sites, but with somewhat higher values at Dale for acenaphthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene; naphthalenes tended to be enriched further upstream in the mid-upper Haven (a pattern seen in mussels for most PAHs). Whilst concentrations in MH mussels were mostly above reference site and OSPAR backgrounds, it is unlikely that ecotoxicological guidelines would be exceeded. PCBs in mussels were between upper and lower OSPAR guidelines and were unusual in their distribution in that highest levels occurred at the mouth of MH. Condition indices (CI) of bivalves (mussels and cockles) were highest at the Tywi reference site and at the seaward end of MH, decreasing upstream along the Waterway. There were a number of significant (negative) relationships between CI and body burdens and multivariate analysis indicated that a combination of contaminants could influence the pattern in condition (and sub-lethal responses such as MT and TOSC) across sites. Cause and effect needs to be tested more rigorously in future assessments

Bioavailibility of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Sediment in Garapan, Cibungur, and Ciliman Rivermouth

Garapan, Cibungur, and Ciliman Rivermouths are known as places for fishing. Those areas are surrounded by human activities such as human settlement, agricultural and industrial activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the bioavailibility of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in sediment for biota (clams) from related location. Bioavailibility was determined using sequential extraction technique consisted of residual and nonresidual fractions. Samples of sediments taken using Ekman grab, while clams Anadara pilula taken using “garo”. Heavy metals content was analyzed using AAS. Regression linear was used to see relationship between bioavalibility and heavy metal content in clams. Result showed that heavy metal content Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in sediment were highest in Garapan so were the content of Pb, Cu, and Zn in Anadara pilula. Result also showed that Cd and Pb were mostly bound to nonresidual fraction 100% and 54,65 – 64,69% respectively, while Cu and Zn were mostly bound to residual fraction 54,63 – 54,79% and 67,28 – 79,37%, respectively, except in Garapan for Cu. Relationship between each fraction of heavy metal in sediment with heavy metal content in Anadara pilula showed ascending pattern except, for Cd