A Meaning of Baroque in terms of Space Syntax

A city is a spatial system that is generated in the process of searching for an ideal form. From the structure of a city, we can find paradigms of the past in which worldviews of the society are instilled. Baroque, to be studied in this paper, is interpreted as a change from ′limitation′ to ′infinity′. There are many studies that investigated Baroque but they see the change from a single viewpoint of either cosmology or practicality. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to combine these two viewpoints for a comprehensive understanding of what paradigm has formed Baroque cities. Practicality is revealed by means of Space Syntax and our new concept, Urban Entropy Coefficient (: UEC), which is then related to cosmology. We conclude that the intention of Baroque was to configure a Multi-Center layout for the dynamic function of the city

Substituent effects on the electrical conductivities of the phenazine derivatives

The and/or photoconductivities of 16 substituted phenazines having methoxy, hydroxy, chloro, nitro, amino or t-butyl group at 1-, 2-, 1, 6- or 2,7- positions of the phenazine ring measured by using the surface type cells. The energy gaps of the dark conductivities in the range 2.0 to 2.3 were independent of the kinds and the positions of the substituent groups, although the photo-absorption wavelength of the evaporated films changed with them. No correlation between photoconductivity and fluorescence was observed. The photocurrent was affected by the position of the substituents; namely, the photocurrents of the 1,6-di-substituted phenazines. When the substituent at 1,6-positions was hydroxy or amino group, however, the photocurrents decreased. The photocurrents decreased drastically in the presence of oxygen

The unconventional structure of centromeric nucleosomes.

The centromere is a defining feature of the eukaryotic chromosome, required for attachment to spindle microtubules and segregation to the poles at both mitosis and meiosis. The fundamental unit of centromere identity is the centromere-specific nucleosome, in which the centromeric histone 3 (cenH3) variant takes the place of H3. The structure of the cenH3 nucleosome has been the subject of controversy, as mutually exclusive models have been proposed, including conventional and unconventional left-handed octamers (octasomes), hexamers with non-histone protein constituents, and right-handed heterotypic tetramers (hemisomes). Hemisomes have been isolated from native centromeric chromatin, but traditional nucleosome assembly protocols have generally yielded partially unwrapped left-handed octameric nucleosomes. In budding yeast, topology analysis and high-resolution mapping has revealed that a single right-handed cenH3 hemisome occupies the ~80-bp Centromere DNA Element II (CDEII) of each chromosome. Overproduction of cenH3 leads to promiscuous low-level incorporation of octasome-sized particles throughout the yeast genome. We propose that the right-handed cenH3 hemisome is the universal unit of centromeric chromatin, and that the inherent instability of partially unwrapped left-handed cenH3 octamers is an adaptation to prevent formation of neocentromeres on chromosome arms

A Numerical Study of Tidal Bore and Dam-break Flows Using CIP Method

A numerical model was developed based upon the C-CUP method equipped with LES model and a re-initialisation method. The model was validated and applied to the laminar dam-break flow, the turbulent dam-break flow and the tidal bore flow with a weak breaking front. In the laminar dam break flow problem the model resolved the free surface profiles, and the flow calculations were in good agreement with the experiment studies. In the turbulent dam break flow problem, it was applied to a dam break wave in a relatively long channel. The shape of the leading edge was compared with the experimental studies and theoretical studies. In the tidal bore flow with a weak breaking front, the model reproduced accurately the large deformation of the free surface immediately after gate closure and the bore generation. The free-surface profile and surge front celerity data were in good agreement with the experimental data. At a fixed sampling location, the numerical results showed the existence of some short-lived flow reversal next to the bed immediately after the bore front passage

Mangá e a transmissão de cultura: o exemplo de Rurouni Kenshin

This work s subject is the Mangá (Japanese cartoon) and its use as a cultural transmission tool. The title chosen to be studied was “Rurouni Kenshin”, that tells a history of a wandering samurai. In the analysis we tried to identify elements in the story that were related to the reality and could be used as a source of knowledge transmission.Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o mangá (história em quadrinhos japonesa) e sua utilização como instrumento de transmissão de cultura. Como base de análise foi utilizado o mangá “Rurouni Kenshin” Desta forma procurou-se identificar elementos que fazem referência à realidade e que podem ser usados como fonte de transmissão de conhecimento

Atopy, passive smoking, respiratory infections and asthma among children from kindergarten and elementary school

CONTEXT: It has been demonstrated that children exposed to parents who smoke have more respiratory infections and asthma. OBJECTIVE: To study the association of both respiratory infections and asthma attacks with atopy, passive smoking and time spent daily at school, among children aged 4 to 9 years old from a kindergarten and elementary school in the city of São Paulo between May and July of 1996. TYPE OF STUDY: Descriptive study. SETTING: A kindergarten and elementary school with linkages to Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)/Escola Paulista de Medicina. PARTICIPANTS: 183 children between 4 and 9 years old. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: A questionnaire consisting of 31 questions was answered by the parents of 183 children, and skin tests for inhaled antigens were performed on 88 children whose parents had given prior agreement for the procedure. RESULTS: Among the children, 51% had had respiratory infections during the preceding 3 months and 25.7% were asthmatic, of whom 52.1% had had one or more asthma attacks during the preceding 3 months. Children exposed to passive smoking did not have more respiratory infections or asthma attacks in comparison with those not exposed. We observed a significant association between atopic disorders in parents and children who were not exposed to passive smoking. There were also associations between atopic disorders in parents and asthma attacks in their infants, and between such disorders and a higher incidence of respiratory infections in the infants during the preceding 3 months. However, the presence of two or more positive skin tests for allergies did not have a correlation with respiratory infections and asthma attacks in this sample. In addition to this, children who studied full time at school did not have a higher occurrence of respiratory infections and asthma attacks. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of respiratory infections and asthma was associated with atopic parents but not with the presence of two or more positive skin tests for allergies among the children. Also, respiratory infections and asthma attacks were not associated with smoking parents or with the length of time spent by the children at school.CONTEXTO: Foi demonstrado que crianças de pais fumantes estão mais predispostas a infecções respiratórias e asma. OBJETIVO: Estudar a associação de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma em crianças de quatro a nove anos de idade, matriculadas em uma escola que funciona como pré-escola e 1o. grau em São Paulo, Capital, nos meses de maio a julho de 1996, com presença de atopia, exposição ao fumo passivo e tempo de permanência na escola (parcial ou integral). TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo descritivo. LOCAL: Pré-escola e de primeiro grau da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). CASUÍSTICA: 183 crianças, sendo 104 meninos e 79 meninas, entre 4 e 9 anos. VARIÁVEIS ESTUDADAS: Foi administrado um questionário contendo 31 questões aos responsáveis pelas crianças e realizados 88 testes cutâneos de alergia para inalantes, nas crianças cujos pais haviam fornecido consentimento prévio. RESULTADOS: Do total de crianças, 51% tiveram infecções respiratórias nos últimos três meses e 25,7% eram asmáticas, sendo que 52,1% delas tiveram uma ou mais crises nos últimos três meses. As crianças expostas à fumaça de cigarro no domicílio não tiveram mais infecções respiratórias e crises de asma que as não-expostas. A positividade a dois ou mais testes cutâneos de alergia não se correlacionou significantemente à presença de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma nas crianças estudadas, embora tenha havido associação estatisticamente significante entre pais com história de atopia e filhos com mais infecções respiratórias e/ou crises de asma, assim como pais com história de atopia e filhos com menor exposição à fumaça de cigarro. As crianças com permanência em tempo integral na escola não tiveram maior ocorrência de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma está associada à atopia dos pais, mas não à presença de positividade a dois ou mais testes cutâneos de alergia nas crianças. Por outro lado, a presença de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma não estiveram associadas com exposição passiva à fumaça de cigarro no domicílio e com tempo de permanência na escola.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de Medicina PreventivaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de Medicina, Doenças RespiratóriasUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Medicina PreventivaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Medicina, Doenças RespiratóriasSciEL

Peripheral Glutamate Receptors Are Required for Hyperalgesia Induced by Capsaicin

Transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1) and glutamate receptors (GluRs) are located in small diameter primary afferent neurons (nociceptors), and it was speculated that glutamate released in the peripheral tissue in response to activation of TRPV1 might activate nociceptors retrogradely. But, it was not clear which types of GluRs are functioning in the nociceptive sensory transmission. In the present study, we examined the c-Fos expression in spinal cord dorsal horn following injection of drugs associated with glutamate receptors with/without capsaicin into the hindpaw. The subcutaneous injection of capsaicin or glutamate remarkably evoked c-Fos expression in ipsilateral sides of spinal cord dorsal horn. This capsaicin evoked increase of c-Fos expression was significantly prevented by concomitant administration of MK801, CNQX, and CPCCOEt. On the other hand, there were not any significant changes in coinjection of capsaicin and MCCG or MSOP. These results reveal that the activation of iGluRs and group I mGluR in peripheral afferent nerves play an important role in mechanisms whereby capsaicin evokes/maintains nociceptive responses