Milk and Byproducts Exports, Is It a Solution for Producers or a Problem for Consumers?

International Relations/Trade,

ANÁLISE DAS AGROINDÚSTRIAS DE PEQUENO PORTE: UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DA POSSIBILIDADE DE FORMAÇÃO DE REDES EM DUAS REGIÕES DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA

O agronegócio brasileiro é palco de profundas transformações decorrentes principalmente dos processos de globalização e internacionalização dos mercados, colocando em questionamento a competitividade das pequenas empresas. A necessidade de escala da produção agrícola vem ameaçando a sobrevivência das propriedades rurais, tornando-se necessário buscar formas de organização para que elas conquistem representatividade no mercado. Neste sentido, o estado de Santa Catarina vem desenvolvendo políticas públicas com intuito de constituir pequenas agroindústrias de produtores rurais, como forma de reter o homem no campo e promover o desenvolvimento territorial sustentável. Este trabalho apresenta resultados parciais, de uma pesquisa exploratória em andamento, a qual tem por objetivo exemplificar o status quo da intencionalidade do governo do estado, mostrando como duas Regiões Geográficas do Estado de Santa Catarina estão conduzindo as orientações governamentais; e ilustrar como essas regiões estão configurando os sistemas produtivos locais na busca de concretizar essa orientação política. O método utilizado foi uma pesquisa documental, apoiada por entrevistas, e analisadas a luz do referencial teórico sobre arranjos organizacionais em sistemas produtivos (alianças, cooperativismo, clusters, redes e governança em sistemas produtivos locais e políticas para sua promoção). Os resultados indicam que, embora as constituições jurídicas predominantes sejam de cooperativas e/ou associações, subjacentemente está implícita a idéia de formar redes de cooperação, e o estudo empírico confirma argumentos teóricos de que o processo de migração de uma lógica econômica financeira para uma lógica de sustentabilidade requer um processo de aprendizado; ou seja, alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável é um caminho complexo e moroso no qual os stakeholders envolvidos precisam ser considerados. --------------------------------------------The brazilian agribusiness is stage of deep transformations mainly from globalization and internationalization processes in the markets, putting in question the competitiveness of small companies, as well as the enthusiastic growing of the agricultural production that litle by litle has been threatening the survival of the small rural real states, becoming necessary to search ways of organization, so that, these institutions can overcome re´presentativeness in the market. In this sense, the state of Santa Catarina has been developing public policies aiming to constitute small agro industries of rural farmers, as a way of keeping the man in the country and promote the sustainable territorial development. This work presents partial results of a exploratory research undercourse which has as an objective exemplify the status quo of intentionality of the govern of state, showing as two geographical reasons of the state of santa catarina are conducting the governmental guidings and to ilustrate how these regions are configurating the local productive systems, in search of accomplishing this political guiding. The method used was the one through a documental research, supported by interviews, and analysed to the light of a theoretical reference about organizationals arrangements in produtive systems (alliances, cooperativism, clusters, nets and governance in local produtive systems and policies for its promotion). The results indicate that, although the legal constitutions prevailing are of cooperatives and/or associations, subjacent is implicit the idea of forming nets of cooperation, and the empirical study confirms theoretical arguments that the migration process of a finance economical logic to a logic of sustaintability, request a learning process, that is, reach the sustainable development is a complex and slow way in which the stakeholders envolved need to be considered.Redes, Estratégias Organizacionais, Políticas Públicas, nets, organizational strategies, public polic, Agribusiness, Industrial Organization,

Multinational evaluation of genetic diversity indicators for the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

Under the recently adopted Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, 196 Parties committed to reporting the status of genetic diversity for all species. To facilitate reporting, three genetic diversity indicators were developed, two of which focus on processes contributing to genetic diversity conservation: maintaining genetically distinct populations and ensuring populations are large enough to maintain genetic diversity. The major advantage of these indicators is that they can be estimated with or without DNA‐based data. However, demonstrating their feasibility requires addressing the methodological challenges of using data gathered from diverse sources, across diverse taxonomic groups, and for countries of varying socio‐economic status and biodiversity levels. Here, we assess the genetic indicators for 919 taxa, representing 5271 populations across nine countries, including megadiverse countries and developing economies. Eighty‐three percent of the taxa assessed had data available to calculate at least one indicator. Our results show that although the majority of species maintain most populations, 58% of species have populations too small to maintain genetic diversity. Moreover, genetic indicator values suggest that IUCN Red List status and other initiatives fail to assess genetic status, highlighting the critical importance of genetic indicators

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

ANÁLISE DAS AGROINDÚSTRIAS DE PEQUENO PORTE: UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DA POSSIBILIDADE DE FORMAÇÃO DE REDES EM DUAS REGIÕES DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA

O agronegócio brasileiro é palco de profundas transformações decorrentes principalmente dos processos de globalização e internacionalização dos mercados, colocando em questionamento a competitividade das pequenas empresas. A necessidade de escala da produção agrícola vem ameaçando a sobrevivência das propriedades rurais, tornando-se necessário buscar formas de organização para que elas conquistem representatividade no mercado. Neste sentido, o estado de Santa Catarina vem desenvolvendo políticas públicas com intuito de constituir pequenas agroindústrias de produtores rurais, como forma de reter o homem no campo e promover o desenvolvimento territorial sustentável. Este trabalho apresenta resultados parciais, de uma pesquisa exploratória em andamento, a qual tem por objetivo exemplificar o status quo da intencionalidade do governo do estado, mostrando como duas Regiões Geográficas do Estado de Santa Catarina estão conduzindo as orientações governamentais; e ilustrar como essas regiões estão configurando os sistemas produtivos locais na busca de concretizar essa orientação política. O método utilizado foi uma pesquisa documental, apoiada por entrevistas, e analisadas a luz do referencial teórico sobre arranjos organizacionais em sistemas produtivos (alianças, cooperativismo, clusters, redes e governança em sistemas produtivos locais e políticas para sua promoção). Os resultados indicam que, embora as constituições jurídicas predominantes sejam de cooperativas e/ou associações, subjacentemente está implícita a idéia de formar redes de cooperação, e o estudo empírico confirma argumentos teóricos de que o processo de migração de uma lógica econômica financeira para uma lógica de sustentabilidade requer um processo de aprendizado; ou seja, alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável é um caminho complexo e moroso no qual os stakeholders envolvidos precisam ser considerados. --------------------------------------------The brazilian agribusiness is stage of deep transformations mainly from globalization and internationalization processes in the markets, putting in question the competitiveness of small companies, as well as the enthusiastic growing of the agricultural production that litle by litle has been threatening the survival of the small rural real states, becoming necessary to search ways of organization, so that, these institutions can overcome re´presentativeness in the market. In this sense, the state of Santa Catarina has been developing public policies aiming to constitute small agro industries of rural farmers, as a way of keeping the man in the country and promote the sustainable territorial development. This work presents partial results of a exploratory research undercourse which has as an objective exemplify the status quo of intentionality of the govern of state, showing as two geographical reasons of the state of santa catarina are conducting the governmental guidings and to ilustrate how these regions are configurating the local productive systems, in search of accomplishing this political guiding. The method used was the one through a documental research, supported by interviews, and analysed to the light of a theoretical reference about organizationals arrangements in produtive systems (alliances, cooperativism, clusters, nets and governance in local produtive systems and policies for its promotion). The results indicate that, although the legal constitutions prevailing are of cooperatives and/or associations, subjacent is implicit the idea of forming nets of cooperation, and the empirical study confirms theoretical arguments that the migration process of a finance economical logic to a logic of sustaintability, request a learning process, that is, reach the sustainable development is a complex and slow way in which the stakeholders envolved need to be considered