Detection and Classification of Honey Adulteration Combined with Multivariate Analysis

Honey is a natural sweetener with a yellowish substance made up of bee secretions and plant nectar extracts. Main composition of honey are sugars or carbohydrates and water in the chemical composition and contain a great number of minor components such as minerals, amino acids, proteins, acidity, and pH. Honey adulteration is a global concern due to lack of awareness of people and policies. There is a various method that has been conducted to detect honey adulteration such as SCIRA, DSC, FTIR, NIRS, and NMR and these methods mostly used multivariate data analysis to classify the adulteration of honey. PCA is the most used technique in the classification of honey adulteration where the data obtained is clustered according to adulteration level and type of the adulterant. This paper explains on different methods to detect honey adulteration and common technique used on classification of honey. It can be concluded that PCA is the most used technique based on different method of honey adulteration detection

Preliminary Study of pH Sensor for Engine Oil Deterioration Detection Using Anodized Ta2O5 Nanotubular

pH sensor is one of the sensing principles that can be employed in detection of engine oil deterioration. To avoid unnecessary changing of engine oil while maintaining the oil quality consumed by car’s engine, engine oil deterioration sensor is required to continuously monitor the oil condition. In this work, we fabricated pH sensor sensing layer made up of tantalum thin film. Ta2O5 nanotubular was constructed as the medium of interaction to measure the quality of engine oil. Anodization synthesis method was used to fabricate the sensing layer by varying the anodization time. Two samples anodized at 30 min and 60 min were tested in pH buffer solution at pH ranging from 2, 4, 7, 10 and 12. Further characterization using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was conducted to investigate the surface morphology properties, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to obtain crystal properties of Ta2O5 nanotubular. A homogeneous Ta2O5 nanostructures with cubic crystal structure and pore diameter ranging between 15 to 20 nm was obtained. 30 min sample tested in pH buffer solution has better adsorption of H+ ions with linear pH sensitivity of 31.616 mV/pH and good stability. Therefore, anodization method can be an alternative to fabricate pH sensor for oil deterioration detection system. Additionally, other study on chemical sensor for the detection of engine oil deterioration level are also discussed in this paper

Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave sensor theory and model in characterising dielectric material: A review

Microwave sensors offer appealing features such as susceptibility, quick response, and non-invasiveness, making them valuable tools for highly accurate measurements of material characterisation. A wide range of techniques, including cavity waveguide, planar transmission line, cavity waveguide perturbation, open-ended coaxial probe, and free-space transmission, have been employed to characterise materials that are essential for their costeffectiveness, ease of manufacturing, high sensitivity, good quality factor (Q-factor), and compact size, allowing them to be applied to different material types. Among the microwave sensor types, the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) has emerged as a promising technology in order to characterise materials in an efficient manner. This paper presents a review of the current state and potential opportunities of SIW microwave sensors in the characterisation of dielectric materials. It provides insights into various design principles, techniques, and applications of SIW microwave sensors across different sectors, highlighting their advantages and limitations compared to conventional waveguide-based sensors. Furthermore, the paper summarises several fabrication methods that can be implemented for SIW microwave sensors to enable the production of efficient and reliable sensors. Additionally, the future directions provided in this paper aim to contribute to the ongoing development and optimisation of SIW-based microwave sensors for accurate and efficient dielectric material characterisation. Overall, this review article serves as a beneficial resource for new researchers seeking to understand the role of SIW microwave sensors in material characterisation. It outlines the current status, opportunities, and potential advancements of SIW sensors, shedding light on their significance and potential impact in the field of material characterisation

Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave sensor theory and model in characterising dielectric material : A review

Microwave sensors offer appealing features such as susceptibility, quick response, and non-invasiveness, making them valuable tools for highly accurate measurements of material characterisation. A wide range of techniques, including cavity waveguide, planar transmission line, cavity waveguide perturbation, open-ended coaxial probe, and free-space transmission, have been employed to characterise materials that are essential for their cost-effectiveness, ease of manufacturing, high sensitivity, good quality factor (Q-factor), and compact size, allowing them to be applied to different material types. Among the microwave sensor types, the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) has emerged as a promising technology in order to characterise materials in an efficient manner. This paper presents a review of the current state and potential opportunities of SIW microwave sensors in the characterisation of dielectric materials. It provides insights into various design principles, techniques, and applications of SIW microwave sensors across different sectors, highlighting their advantages and limitations compared to conventional waveguide-based sensors. Furthermore, the paper summarises several fabrication methods that can be implemented for SIW microwave sensors to enable the production of efficient and reliable sensors. Additionally, the future directions provided in this paper aim to contribute to the ongoing development and optimisation of SIW-based microwave sensors for accurate and efficient dielectric material characterisation. Overall, this review article serves as a beneficial resource for new researchers seeking to understand the role of SIW microwave sensors in material characterisation. It outlines the current status, opportunities, and potential advancements of SIW sensors, shedding light on their significance and potential impact in the field of material characterisatio

Detection and Classification of Honey Adulteration Combined with Multivariate Analysis

Honey is a natural sweetener with a yellowish substance made up of bee secretions and plant nectar extracts. Main composition of honey are sugars or carbohydrates and water in the chemical composition and contain a great number of minor components such as minerals, amino acids, proteins, acidity, and pH. Honey adulteration is a global concern due to lack of awareness of people and policies. There is a various method that has been conducted to detect honey adulteration such as SCIRA, DSC, FTIR, NIRS, and NMR and these methods mostly used multivariate data analysis to classify the adulteration of honey. PCA is the most used technique in the classification of honey adulteration where the data obtained is clustered according to adulteration level and type of the adulterant. This paper explains on different methods to detect honey adulteration and common technique used on classification of honey. It can be concluded that PCA is the most used technique based on different method of honey adulteration detection

Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave sensor theory and model in characterising dielectric material: A review

Microwave sensors offer appealing features such as susceptibility, quick response, and non-invasiveness, making them valuable tools for highly accurate measurements of material characterisation. A wide range of techniques, including cavity waveguide, planar transmission line, cavity waveguide perturbation, open-ended coaxial probe, and free-space transmission, have been employed to characterise materials that are essential for their cost-effectiveness, ease of manufacturing, high sensitivity, good quality factor (Q-factor), and compact size, allowing them to be applied to different material types. Among the microwave sensor types, the substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) has emerged as a promising technology in order to characterise materials in an efficient manner. This paper presents a review of the current state and potential opportunities of SIW microwave sensors in the characterisation of dielectric materials. It provides insights into various design principles, techniques, and applications of SIW microwave sensors across different sectors, highlighting their advantages and limitations compared to conventional waveguide-based sensors. Furthermore, the paper summarises several fabrication methods that can be implemented for SIW microwave sensors to enable the production of efficient and reliable sensors. Additionally, the future directions provided in this paper aim to contribute to the ongoing development and optimisation of SIW-based microwave sensors for accurate and efficient dielectric material characterisation. Overall, this review article serves as a beneficial resource for new researchers seeking to understand the role of SIW microwave sensors in material characterisation. It outlines the current status, opportunities, and potential advancements of SIW sensors, shedding light on their significance and potential impact in the field of material characterisation

Preliminary Study of pH Sensor for Engine Oil Deterioration Detection Using Anodized Ta2O5 Nanotubular

pH sensor is one of the sensing principles that can be employed in detection of engine oil deterioration. To avoid unnecessary changing of engine oil while maintaining the oil quality consumed by car’s engine, engine oil deterioration sensor is required to continuously monitor the oil condition. In this work, we fabricated pH sensor sensing layer made up of tantalum thin film. Ta2O5 nanotubular was constructed as the medium of interaction to measure the quality of engine oil. Anodization synthesis method was used to fabricate the sensing layer by varying the anodization time. Two samples anodized at 30 min and 60 min were tested in pH buffer solution at pH ranging from 2, 4, 7, 10 and 12. Further characterization using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was conducted to investigate the surface morphology properties, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted to obtain crystal properties of Ta2O5 nanotubular. A homogeneous Ta2O5 nanostructures with cubic crystal structure and pore diameter ranging between 15 to 20 nm was obtained. 30 min sample tested in pH buffer solution has better adsorption of H+ ions with linear pH sensitivity of 31.616 mV/pH and good stability. Therefore, anodization method can be an alternative to fabricate pH sensor for oil deterioration detection system. Additionally, other study on chemical sensor for the detection of engine oil deterioration level are also discussed in this paper