2,083 research outputs found
Liquidity effects and cost channels in monetary transmission
We study liquidity effects and cost channels within a model of nominal rigidities and imperfect competition that gives explicit role for money-credit markets and investment decisions. We find that cost channels matter for monetary transmission, amplifying the impact of supply shocks and dampening the effects of demand shocks. Liquidity effects only obtain when the policy is specified by an interest rate policy rule and money-credit conditions are determined endogenously. We also find that determinacy issues are particularly relevant when models include the cost channel and explicit money-credit markets
Investment cost channel and monetary transmission
We show that a standard DSGE model with investment cost channels has important model stability and policy implications. Our analysis suggests that in economies characterized by supply side well as demand side channels of monetary transmission, policymakers may have to resort to a much more aggressive stand against inflation to obtain locally unique equilibrium. In such an environment targeting output gap may cause model instability. We also show that it is difficult to distinguish between the New Keynesian model and labor cost channel only case, while with investment cost channel differences are more significant. This result is important as it suggests that if one does not take into account the investment cost channel, one is underestimating the importance of supply side effects
Lending relationships and monetary policy
Financial intermediation and bank spreads are important elements in the analysis of business cycle transmission and monetary policy. We present a simple framework that introduces lending relationships, a relevant feature of financial intermediation that has been so far neglected in the monetary economics literature, into a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with staggered prices and cost channels. Our main findings are: (i) banking spreads move countercyclically generating amplified output responses, (ii) spread movements are important for monetary policy making even when a standard Taylor rule is employed (iii) modifying the policy rule to include a banking spread adjustment improves stabilization of shocks and increases welfare when compared to rules that only respond to output gap and inflation, and finally (iv) the presence of strong lending relationships in the banking sector can lead to indeterminacy of equilibrium forcing the central bank to react to spread movements
PENGEMBANGAN HASIL PENELITIAN ALAT PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA
Pemanfaatan energi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) menjadi alternatif energi yang penting untuk dikembangkan di Sorong. Sebagai pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan juga sekaligus menyelesaikan permasalahan warga gereja jemaat Mahanaim di Kota Sorong dalam hal keterbatasan instalasi listrik di lingkungan tempat ibadah dan belum ada sosialisasi terkait urgensi konversi pembangkit listrik sebagai bentuk penghematan energi. Metode pelaksanaan adalah merancang pembuatan alat pembangkit listrik tenaga surya (Solar Cell) dengan mengingtrasikan alat dan bahan yang dibutuhkan solar cell panel, battery system, inverter, solar charge controller, lampu, kabel, tiang kemudian menempatkannya di lingkungan tempat ibadah. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah jemaat Mahanaim khususnya pemuda-pemuda gereja di lingkungan tersebut dapat memahami prinsip dan cara kerja alat dan menerapkan pemanfaatan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya di lingkungan gereja jemaat Mahanai
Partial Enumerative Sphere Shaping
The dependency between the Gaussianity of the input distribution for the
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the gap-to-capacity is
discussed. We show that a set of particular approximations to the
Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution virtually closes most of the shaping gap.
We relate these symbol-level distributions to bit-level distributions, and
demonstrate that they correspond to keeping some of the amplitude bit-levels
uniform and independent of the others. Then we propose partial enumerative
sphere shaping (P-ESS) to realize such distributions in the probabilistic
amplitude shaping (PAS) framework. Simulations over the AWGN channel exhibit
that shaping 2 amplitude bits of 16-ASK have almost the same performance as
shaping 3 bits, which is 1.3 dB more power-efficient than uniform signaling at
a rate of 3 bit/symbol. In this way, required storage and computational
complexity of shaping are reduced by factors of 6 and 3, respectively.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
Probabilistic Shaping for Finite Blocklengths: Distribution Matching and Sphere Shaping
In this paper, we provide for the first time a systematic comparison of
distribution matching (DM) and sphere shaping (SpSh) algorithms for short
blocklength probabilistic amplitude shaping. For asymptotically large
blocklengths, constant composition distribution matching (CCDM) is known to
generate the target capacity-achieving distribution. As the blocklength
decreases, however, the resulting rate loss diminishes the efficiency of CCDM.
We claim that for such short blocklengths and over the additive white Gaussian
channel (AWGN), the objective of shaping should be reformulated as obtaining
the most energy-efficient signal space for a given rate (rather than matching
distributions). In light of this interpretation, multiset-partition DM (MPDM),
enumerative sphere shaping (ESS) and shell mapping (SM), are reviewed as
energy-efficient shaping techniques. Numerical results show that MPDM and SpSh
have smaller rate losses than CCDM. SpSh--whose sole objective is to maximize
the energy efficiency--is shown to have the minimum rate loss amongst all. We
provide simulation results of the end-to-end decoding performance showing that
up to 1 dB improvement in power efficiency over uniform signaling can be
obtained with MPDM and SpSh at blocklengths around 200. Finally, we present a
discussion on the complexity of these algorithms from the perspective of
latency, storage and computations.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure
Manfaat Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantifolia) Dan Olahraga Untuk Menurunkan Kolesterol Total Klien Dewasa
Introduction: Without health management, hypercholesterolemic clients would have cardiovascular diseases as complication, and even death. Exercise and anti-hyperlipidemic medication can decreased these health risks Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) possess phytochemicals that have reducing effects on blood cholesterol. Aim: To determine the effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) therapy and lime therapy with exercise on reducing blood total cholesterol level. Method: This study utilized a quasi-experimental design which compared two groups intervention. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 20 participants that randomly divided into 2 intervention groups. Participants in the first group drinks 1,5 cc/kgbw of lime juice every morning for 7 days. While participants in the second group drinks the same dosage of lime juice with 30 minutes exercise every day for 6 days. Results: The mean of total cholesterol level of participants in both groups before and after intervention reveal a significant changes (p=<.05). While the gain score of the two groups reveals no significant difference. Discussion: Lime juice therapy effective in reducing blood total cholesterol level for its active phytochemicals that acts as hypolipidemic agent
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