The place of agricultural development in the economic development of Pakistan

The topic studied in this thesis seeks to explain that in Pakistan the over all economic growth rate is very much correlated with the agricultural growth rate. Therefore, integrated development efforts necessarily mean the transformation of the massive sector like agriculture. The first three chapters deal with the basic problems of population growth and per capita supply of food, the problems of capital formation in the agricultural sector and agricultural taxation. The study of these problems reveal that since a check on population is not possible in the short run, the supply of food requires to be boosted to match the population growth rate. To elevate the agricultural sector" from desperate poverty two methods have been suggested: i) use of surplus labour for capital formation; and (ii) increased rate of selective agricultural taxation. In chapter four the problems of labour redundancy are studied and it is found that land-labour ratio is very low in Pakistan, largely due to disguised unemployment. Under these conditions major technological change is not possible as this would mean a partial replacement of agricultural labour by capital. The labour absorptive capacity of all other sectors is low because of the fact that capital intensity for all other sectors is high compared to the agricultural sector. Therefore, the absorptive capacity of the agricultural sector itself will have to be enlarged by more intensive cultivation. In the fifth chapter the dualistic growth model and the impact of agriculture on industrialisation is examined. It is concluded that for an expansion in the industrial sector, the expansion of the agricultural sector is essential. An expanded agricultural sector would not only supply cheap food to the industrial sector, but it may also earn much needed foreign exchange for development imports and increased effective demand would also be forthcoming from this sector. In the sixth chapter the importance of agricultural sector is studied in the context of previous chapters and it is clear that agriculturalists in Pakistan are quite responsive to technical change and even to prices and profitability. The speedy transformation of the agricultural sector not only requires the building of an adequate infrastructure but also an improvement in the supply factors. In this connection, keeping in view the fact that capital is a scarce factor in underdeveloped countries; a single factor development approach has been suggested

Dilated cardiomyopathy: a pharmacotherapeutic research

Background: AHA defines cardiomyopathies as a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not invariably) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation and are due to a variety of causes that frequently are genetic.Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in the year 2017 at an OPD of Cardiology of a private hospital located in Telangana state, India. Data has been collected after diagnosis is made and treatment regimen is given by an Interventional Cardiologist.Results: Data has been collected from 78 cardiac patients, out of which 17.9% patients had Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) among them 57.14% were male. In the present study DCM was reported more in the age group of 61-70 years (42.85%). Treatment pattern in most of the prescriptions include Diuretics, Beta blockers, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), Cardiac Glycosides, Antiplatelet and Antihyperlipidaemics.Conclusions: To conclude, lack of awareness among people about this disease is leading it to progress to advanced stages and prognosis of which is poor. Conducting community awareness programs can play a key component in improving the prognosis of this disease

Special Affine Stockwell Transform Theory, Uncertainty Principles and Applications

In this paper, we study the convolution structure in the special affine Fourier transform domain to combine the advantages of the well known special affine Fourier and Stockwell transforms into a novel integral transform coined as special affine Stockwell transform and investigate the associated constant Q property in the joint time frequency domain. The preliminary analysis encompasses the derivation of the fundamental properties, Rayleighs energy theorem, inversion formula and range theorem. Besides, we also derive a direct relationship between the recently introduced special affine scaled Wigner distribution and the proposed SAST. Further, we establish Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, logarithmic uncertainty principle and Nazarovs uncertainty principle associated with the proposed SAST. Towards the culmination of this paper, some potential applications with simulation are presented.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2010.01972 by other author

The Impact of a Harmonious Sports Environment on Learning Interest

The study delves into the impact of sports equipment and facilities on students' learning interests within educational environments, with a particular focus on the positive influence observed among physical education (P.E) students. Through a qualitative approach employing the library method, the research explores this influence by dissecting existing literature on related topics, including cooperative learning efficiency in physical education and the motivational dynamics of student-athletes. The findings underscore the vital role played by a harmonious sports environment, marked by sufficient sports equipment and facilities, in fostering physical education, personality development, and lifelong engagement in sports activities. Notably, students with access to such facilities exhibit heightened participation in physical activities, correlating with improved academic performance and enhanced psychological well-being. The study highlights the pivotal role of a supportive sports environment in shaping students' learning interests, boosting academic achievements, and promoting psychological wellness within educational settings. It stresses the necessity of ensuring adequate sports equipment and facilities, coupled with the cultivation of a positive sports culture, to effectively nurture physical education, foster personal growth, and encourage sustained participation in sports activities. Furthermore, the research acknowledges and addresses socioeconomic disparities in sports participation, shedding light on the escalating income inequalities over time, especially among specific demographic groups such as women, middle and high school students, and adults. Moreover, it underscores the potential of group sport participation to mitigate such disparities compared to individual sports, suggesting avenues for fostering more inclusive sporting environments

Willingness to Pay for Preserving National Park Biodiversity: A Case Study

This paper employs a stated preference environmental valuation method i.e. Contingent Valuation Method to estimate the willingness to pay for the conservation of the Dachigam National Park as well as value estimates crucial to the development of the park acquisition and management policy. A contingent valuation study is conducted with 301 visitors and the data are analysed using the binary logit model. Results show that the majority of the tourists (benefitted from the use values of the park) were willing to pay (WTP) for its improvement. Respondents’ willingness to pay for the conservation of the park ranges from Rs. 110 to Rs. 140 per year with a mean of around Rs. 125 per year. With the use of the benefits transfer method, this case study is expected to provide policy-makers, corporate players, stakeholders with useful information for the conservation of biodiversity in the Indian sub-continent, as well as in other countries

Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve for India

In recent years various empirical studies have investigated and quantified the causal relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation through an empirical model so-called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), currently applied to a range of pollutants. The inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) demonstrates that initially the pollution and environmental degradation surpass the level of income per capita; however this trend reverses since at the higher income levels, economic growth initiates environmental upgrading. It’s distinguishing aspect in the initial stage of development exhibits negative relationship between the environmental quality and per capita income increased and positive relationship between improving environmental condition at the higher level of development. The developing countries find Kuznets verdict indubitably tedious between economic growth and environmental development. Unresponsive regarding environmental protection and endeavor to speed up economic growth had not only kept environmental considerations as secondary objectives in policy making in these countries but also threatened their sustainable future. The paper overviews the EKC literature, background history, policy conceptual insights, and the conceptual and methodological critique. It also underlines other econometric problems with estimates of the EKC. Based on secondary data with reference to India for EKC, this paper analyzes the relationship between Carbon Emission CO2 (per capita metric tons) and GDP (real net per capita in Rs). Using Kuznets original model we conclude that in India after 1990 CO2 emission growth rate is lower than GDP (real net per capita in Rs) growth rate (Implying India follows EKC)

Determination of Venlafaxine and Modafinil in Individual Tablet Dosage Forms using Single RP-HPLC Method

Purpose: To develop a simple and selective isocratic method for the determination of venlafaxine and modafinil in tablet dosage forms.Methods: The compounds were analyzed on Waters symmetry C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm i.d, 5μm) using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer (pH was adjusted to 4.0 with glacial acetic acid):10 % methanol in acetonitrile, in the ratio of 60:40. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and column effluents were monitored at 225 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.Results: Venlafaxine and modafinil were eluted with retention times of 4.416 min and 6.443 min, respectively. The method was linear in the range of 1.0 - 50 μg/ml for both venlafaxine and modafinil. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) was < 1 for both drugs while mean recovery values at different concentration levels were within limits. The performance of the method was not changed when small variations in the method were made.Conclusion: The proposed method is accurate, reproducible and low-cost, and can be used for the routine analysis of the individual drugs in formulations.Keywords: Venlafaxine, Modafinil, Isocratic method, Validatio

Regular and Weak Regular in intuitionistic topological spaces

In this paper ,we introduce and study the concept of Regular and Weak Regular in intuitionistic topological spaces ,we find the relations among of the kinds of Regular space in intuitionistic topological spaces and the relation between of kinds of Weak Regular and the last , the relation between of themselve

Status of vitamin D and disease pattern among sedentary adults 18-60 years attending a selected institution in Dhaka city

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health concern affecting individuals across all the age groups in both the genders. It is an essential element that is essential for the production, regulation and absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the human body, as well as for the proper maintenance of teeth and bones and to make your immune system work. Vitamin D is not actually a vitamin; it falls under the pro-hormone category. Because the human body is perfectly capable of producing vitamin D on its own when exposed to sunlight, and vitamins are the type of nutrients that the body cannot or cannot produce automatically, that we consume through dietary supplements. Methods: It was a cross sectional study the sample size was 369. Vitamin D level of all the participants was estimated by using an ADVIA Centaur XPT stem designed to perform continuous operations immunoassay methods. The data were processed to undergo statistical analysis using SPSS 23 windows program. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel were used to represent the tabular, charts and graphical icon. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency exhibited a medical condition increment in both the males and females. This study had clear association was observed using bivariate analysis for any of the three chronic conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease and osteomalacia where (p=0.021), (p=0.039) and (p=0.000) explored in the current study with severe deficiency status. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent even in apparently healthy young individuals; this study is suggestive of a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among young adults, females, Bangladeshi nationality and those with higher BMI